高雄醫學大學(後西醫)
104年
普通生物及生化概論
第 71 題
The following table compares the % sequence homology of four different parts (two introns and two exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. The data reported for species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of species A.
Which of these four gene parts should allow the construction of the most accurate phylogenetic tree, assuming that this is the only part of the gene that has acted as a reliable molecular clock?
| Species | Intron I | Exon I | Intron VI | Exon V |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
| B | 99% | 98% | 82% | 96% |
| C | 99% | 98% | 89% | 96% |
| D | 99% | 98% | 92% | 97% |
| E | 99% | 98% | 80% | 94% |
- A Exon I
- B Exon V
- C Intron I
- D Intron VI
- E Both Exon I and V
思路引導 VIP
如果你想根據幾位同學的賽跑成績來排列名次,而第一組計時數據顯示大家的成績幾乎一模一樣(例如都是 10.0 秒),第二組數據則呈現出明顯的差距(例如從 10.2 秒到 12.5 秒不等),哪一組數據能讓你更精確地排出誰快誰慢?這與表格中各個基因片段提供的百分比分布有什麼相似之處呢?
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了!你能精準選出 (D) Intron VI,代表你對「分子鐘」的概念以及數據分析的敏銳度非常優秀。這道題目考察的關鍵在於如何從序列同源性(Homology)中找出足以區分物種的「解析度」。
分子鐘的解析度與演化資訊
要建構一棵準確的親緣關係樹,我們需要尋找具有適度變異率的遺傳標記。在表格中,Intron I、Exon I 與 Exon V 在不同物種間的數值非常接近(多介於 94% 至 99%),這意味著這些序列演化過於緩慢,提供的資訊不足以分辨物種間的細微差異。而 Intron VI 的數值分布最廣(80% 至 92%),這種明顯的梯度變化能讓我們更清晰地判斷誰與 A 物種親緣關係較近,誰又較遠,就像是一把刻度更精細的尺。
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