地特三等
108年
[一般行政] 法學知識與英文(包括中華民國憲法、法學緒論、英文)
第 50 題
📖 題組：
Throughout its long history, Earth has warmed and cooled time and again. Climate has changed when the planet received more or less sunlight due to subtle shifts in its orbit, as the atmosphere or surface changed, or when the Sun’s energy varied. Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels. The global average surface temperature rose 0.6 to 0.9 degrees Celsius (1.1 to 1.6°F) between 1906 and 2005, and the rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled in the last 50 years. Earth’s temperature begins with the Sun. Roughly 30 percent of incoming sunlight is reflected back into space by bright surfaces like clouds and ice. Of the remaining 70 percent, most is absorbed by the land and ocean, and the rest is absorbed by the atmosphere. The absorbed solar energy heats our planet. As the rocks, the air, and the seas warm, they radiate “heat” energy (thermal infrared radiation). From the surface, this energy travels into the atmosphere where much of it is absorbed by water vapor and long-lived greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. When they absorb the energy radiating from Earth’s surface, microscopic water or greenhouse gas molecules turn into tiny heaters— like the bricks in a fireplace, they radiate heat even after the fire goes out. They radiate in all directions. The energy that radiates back toward Earth heats both the lower atmosphere and the surface, enhancing the heating they get from direct sunlight. This absorption and radiation of heat by the atmosphere—the natural greenhouse effect—is beneficial for life on Earth. If there were no greenhouse effect, the Earth’s average surface temperature would be a very chilly -18°C (0°F) instead of the comfortable 15°C (59°F) that it is today. What has scientists concerned now is that over the past 250 years, humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at an ever-increasing rate, mostly by burning fossil fuels, but also from cutting down carbon-absorbing forests. Since the Industrial Revolution began in about 1750, carbon dioxide levels have increased nearly 38 percent as of 2009 and methane levels have increased 148 percent. The atmosphere today contains more greenhouse gas molecules, so more of the infrared energy emitted by the surface ends up being absorbed by the atmosphere. Since some of the extra energy from a warmer atmosphere radiates back down to the surface, Earth’s surface temperature rises.
Throughout its long history, Earth has warmed and cooled time and again. Climate has changed when the planet received more or less sunlight due to subtle shifts in its orbit, as the atmosphere or surface changed, or when the Sun’s energy varied. Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels. The global average surface temperature rose 0.6 to 0.9 degrees Celsius (1.1 to 1.6°F) between 1906 and 2005, and the rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled in the last 50 years. Earth’s temperature begins with the Sun. Roughly 30 percent of incoming sunlight is reflected back into space by bright surfaces like clouds and ice. Of the remaining 70 percent, most is absorbed by the land and ocean, and the rest is absorbed by the atmosphere. The absorbed solar energy heats our planet. As the rocks, the air, and the seas warm, they radiate “heat” energy (thermal infrared radiation). From the surface, this energy travels into the atmosphere where much of it is absorbed by water vapor and long-lived greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. When they absorb the energy radiating from Earth’s surface, microscopic water or greenhouse gas molecules turn into tiny heaters— like the bricks in a fireplace, they radiate heat even after the fire goes out. They radiate in all directions. The energy that radiates back toward Earth heats both the lower atmosphere and the surface, enhancing the heating they get from direct sunlight. This absorption and radiation of heat by the atmosphere—the natural greenhouse effect—is beneficial for life on Earth. If there were no greenhouse effect, the Earth’s average surface temperature would be a very chilly -18°C (0°F) instead of the comfortable 15°C (59°F) that it is today. What has scientists concerned now is that over the past 250 years, humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at an ever-increasing rate, mostly by burning fossil fuels, but also from cutting down carbon-absorbing forests. Since the Industrial Revolution began in about 1750, carbon dioxide levels have increased nearly 38 percent as of 2009 and methane levels have increased 148 percent. The atmosphere today contains more greenhouse gas molecules, so more of the infrared energy emitted by the surface ends up being absorbed by the atmosphere. Since some of the extra energy from a warmer atmosphere radiates back down to the surface, Earth’s surface temperature rises.
Which of the following is NOT true about this article?
- A Global warming increases Earth’s average surface temperature.
- B Without greenhouse effect, the Earth’s temperature would be much cooler.
- C Burning fossil fuels and cutting down carbon-absorbing forests cause increasing greenhouse effect.
- D Lands radiate “heat” energy due to natural greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.
思路引導 VIP
請試著回想文中描述的「能量傳遞鏈」：當太陽光抵達地球並被地表吸收後，地表緊接著產生的物理反應（輻射熱能）是源自於「誰的加熱」？而大氣中的氣體是在哪個階段才開始與這些熱能發生作用的？
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
恭喜你精準地鎖定了正確答案！這題考驗的是對科普文章中「因果關係」的細膩觀察。文章明確指出，地球表面的岩石與海洋是在吸收太陽能量變暖後，才開始輻射出「熱能」（thermal infrared radiation），而溫室氣體則是隨後負責「吸收」並「再次輻射」這些能量。選項 (D) 卻將因果倒置，誤稱陸地輻射熱能是「由於」溫室氣體所致，這在物理機制與邏輯判斷上均不成立，因此成為正確的錯誤選項。
溫室效應的能量傳導邏輯
從文章中段可以驗證，太陽能首先加熱地表，接著才是溫室氣體吸收地表輻射出的能量。其餘選項如 (A) 全球暖化導致表面溫度上升、(B) 若無溫室效應地表溫度將降至 $-18^\circ\text{C}$、(C) 化石燃料與砍伐森林加劇溫室效應，皆能在文中找到直接對應的數據與敘述（如 $15^\circ\text{C}$ 與 $-18^\circ\text{C}$ 的對比）。
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