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"Closest point of approach (CPA)" refers to the predicted shortest distance between two vessels (or a vessel and a tracked target), provided that both maintain their present courses and speeds. Key features include: (1) Parameter of distance: It is a dynamic physical quantity continuously calculated by Radar/ARPA, typically measured in nautical miles (NM).

"Striking" refers to the physical contact or violent impact of a vessel with a fixed or floating object, such as a pier, quay, buoy, submerged rock, or offshore structure, rather than another vessel. Key features include: (1) It involves an impact between a vessel and a non-vessel object.

"Ferry" refers to a merchant vessel primarily designed and used to transport passengers, vehicles, or cargo across a body of water, such as a river, strait, or lake. Key features include: (1) Operating on a regular, frequent, and published schedule.

A "Disabled vessel" refers to a ship that is completely unable to sail, navigate, or be maneuvered effectively due to a critical breakdown or damage in its essential machinery (such as the main propulsion system or steering gear), or structural damage. Key characteristics include: (1) Total loss of motive power or steering capability.

"Lightweight tonnage" refers to the actual physical weight of a ship when it is completely empty. It includes the weight of the hull, machinery, equipment, and permanent outfitting, as well as boiler water and lubricating oil at normal operating levels. It strictly excludes the weight of cargo, fuel oil, fresh water, ballast water, consumable stores, passengers, crew, and their effects. Practical application: It serves as the fundamental baseline for calculating a vessel's Deadweight Tonnage (DWT) and is commonly used to determine the commercial scrap value of a ship.