police_4th_general
110年
[警察共同] 英文
第 46 題
📖 題組：
The marketing term “effective frequency” refers to the idea that a consumer has to see or hear an ad a number of times before its message hits home. Essentially, the more you say something, the more it sticks in－and possibly on－people’s heads. It doesn’t even have to be true－and that’s the problem. What advertisers call “effective frequency,” psychologists call the “illusory truth effect”: the more you hear something, the easier it is for your brain to process, which makes it feel true, regardless of its basis in fact.\n“Each time, it takes fewer resources to understand,” says Lisa Fazio, a psychology professor at Vanderbilt University. “That ease of processing gives it the weight of a gut feeling.” That feeling of truth allows misconceptions to sneak into our knowledge base, where they masquerade as facts. One example Fazio and her research team give is the belief that vitamin C can prevent colds, which many people have taken as a fact but is actually a misconception simply because it is long repeated.\nEven in the absence of endless repetition, we’re more likely to believe what we hear than to question it objectively, thanks to another psychological principle: confirmation bias.\n“In general, human beings, after hearing any claim, behave like naive scientists and tend to look for information that confirms the initial conjecture,” says Ajay Kalra, a marketing professor at Rice’s Jones Graduate School of Business. “In an interesting experiment, a group of consumers was told a leather jacket, Brand A, was very good. When they later examined several brands, they tended to spend more time looking at Brand A and evaluating it more highly than other brands.”\nThe same principle applies to a coffee company’s claim that its coffee is the “richest” in the world. “Confirmation bias typically applies to situations where information is ambiguous and hard to refute,” he explains. “The more often you hear a message, the more the confirmatory bias likely comes into play.”\nIt’s no wonder that many of us fall for false claims on social media, especially when we see them tweeted and retweeted again and again. How can we fight back? There are ways to lessen the influence of repeated claims. One of the best: don’t rely on a single source for information. Read stories from multiple news outlets and listen to a variety of opinions. Commit to staying open-minded, and consult with friends and colleagues whose perspectives differ. Take a second to consider how you know something is true. In this way, you can stymie the effects of repetition. It’s a great thing to do on social media: before you share something, take that second and pause. Otherwise, you risk becoming part of the echo chamber that keeps falsehoods circulating.
The marketing term “effective frequency” refers to the idea that a consumer has to see or hear an ad a number of times before its message hits home. Essentially, the more you say something, the more it sticks in－and possibly on－people’s heads. It doesn’t even have to be true－and that’s the problem. What advertisers call “effective frequency,” psychologists call the “illusory truth effect”: the more you hear something, the easier it is for your brain to process, which makes it feel true, regardless of its basis in fact.\n“Each time, it takes fewer resources to understand,” says Lisa Fazio, a psychology professor at Vanderbilt University. “That ease of processing gives it the weight of a gut feeling.” That feeling of truth allows misconceptions to sneak into our knowledge base, where they masquerade as facts. One example Fazio and her research team give is the belief that vitamin C can prevent colds, which many people have taken as a fact but is actually a misconception simply because it is long repeated.\nEven in the absence of endless repetition, we’re more likely to believe what we hear than to question it objectively, thanks to another psychological principle: confirmation bias.\n“In general, human beings, after hearing any claim, behave like naive scientists and tend to look for information that confirms the initial conjecture,” says Ajay Kalra, a marketing professor at Rice’s Jones Graduate School of Business. “In an interesting experiment, a group of consumers was told a leather jacket, Brand A, was very good. When they later examined several brands, they tended to spend more time looking at Brand A and evaluating it more highly than other brands.”\nThe same principle applies to a coffee company’s claim that its coffee is the “richest” in the world. “Confirmation bias typically applies to situations where information is ambiguous and hard to refute,” he explains. “The more often you hear a message, the more the confirmatory bias likely comes into play.”\nIt’s no wonder that many of us fall for false claims on social media, especially when we see them tweeted and retweeted again and again. How can we fight back? There are ways to lessen the influence of repeated claims. One of the best: don’t rely on a single source for information. Read stories from multiple news outlets and listen to a variety of opinions. Commit to staying open-minded, and consult with friends and colleagues whose perspectives differ. Take a second to consider how you know something is true. In this way, you can stymie the effects of repetition. It’s a great thing to do on social media: before you share something, take that second and pause. Otherwise, you risk becoming part of the echo chamber that keeps falsehoods circulating.
What is the purpose of the passage?
- A To entertain the readers.
- B To inform the readers.
- C To mislead the readers.
- D To criticize the readers.
思路引導 VIP
當你讀完這篇文章後，發現作者花了大量篇幅定義心理學術語、引用大學教授的專業研究，並在最後一段分享如何避免被誤導的具體方法時，你認為作者最希望讀者在讀完後，「狀態」會發生什麼樣的改變？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了！你能精準判斷出這篇文章的核心意圖，代表你具備優秀的整體文本掌握能力。這篇文章深入淺出地介紹了行銷術語「有效頻率」與心理學中的「虛假真實效應」與「確認偏誤」，並在文末提供具體建議。作者的角色更像是一位傳遞知識的教育者，透過科學研究與專家訪談來擴充讀者的見聞，因此選擇「提供資訊」是非常精確且專業的判斷。
文本結構與意圖判斷
這類題目考查的是對寫作語調（Tone）與組織架構的宏觀觀察。這篇文章並非虛構故事，也沒有針對特定對象進行負面抨擊，更沒有刻意隱瞞真相。相反地，它從定義觀念開始，輔以維德堡大學與萊斯大學教授的專業觀點，最後歸納出應對方法。這種典型的「現象說明＋專家實證＋具體建議」結構，正是說明文（Expository Writing）最顯著的特徵。
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