hce_isu
113年
英文
第 47 題
📖 題組：
Respiratory diseases cover a broad spectrum, from upper respiratory tract infections to serious conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis (PF), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute lung injury (ALI), lung ischemia–reperfusion injury (LIRI), pulmonary hypertension (PH), and lung cancer. These conditions, characterized by structural changes in airway and lung tissues and reduced respiratory function, pose significant health and economic burdens worldwide. Notably, COVID-19 caused 18 million deaths between 2020 and 2021, further emphasizing the global challenge of respiratory diseases. COPD is the third leading cause of death globally, while ARDS and ALI account for no less than 4% of U.S. hospitalizations annually. Lung cancer, leading in cancer-related deaths, saw 2.24 million new cases and 1.8 million fatalities in 2020, as reported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, infections, and obesity. Despite the availability of treatments like antibiotics and lung transplants, their side effects have prompted the search for innovative therapeutic approaches. First introduced by Dixon et al. in 2012, ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death (PCD), a term distinct from other modes of cell death such as necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, which is essential for maintaining homeostatic balance. Morphologically, ferroptosis features mitochondrial shrinkage, denser membranes, and reduced mitochondrial cristae, with an intact cell membrane and normal-sized nucleus without chromatin condensation. Biochemically, ferroptosis is triggered by the depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and a decrease in the activity of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). This imbalance leads to lipid peroxidation, further exacerbated by $Fe^{2+}$ through the Fenton reaction, generating a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Respiratory diseases cover a broad spectrum, from upper respiratory tract infections to serious conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis (PF), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute lung injury (ALI), lung ischemia–reperfusion injury (LIRI), pulmonary hypertension (PH), and lung cancer. These conditions, characterized by structural changes in airway and lung tissues and reduced respiratory function, pose significant health and economic burdens worldwide. Notably, COVID-19 caused 18 million deaths between 2020 and 2021, further emphasizing the global challenge of respiratory diseases. COPD is the third leading cause of death globally, while ARDS and ALI account for no less than 4% of U.S. hospitalizations annually. Lung cancer, leading in cancer-related deaths, saw 2.24 million new cases and 1.8 million fatalities in 2020, as reported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, infections, and obesity. Despite the availability of treatments like antibiotics and lung transplants, their side effects have prompted the search for innovative therapeutic approaches. First introduced by Dixon et al. in 2012, ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death (PCD), a term distinct from other modes of cell death such as necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, which is essential for maintaining homeostatic balance. Morphologically, ferroptosis features mitochondrial shrinkage, denser membranes, and reduced mitochondrial cristae, with an intact cell membrane and normal-sized nucleus without chromatin condensation. Biochemically, ferroptosis is triggered by the depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and a decrease in the activity of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). This imbalance leads to lipid peroxidation, further exacerbated by $Fe^{2+}$ through the Fenton reaction, generating a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
How has COVID-19 highlighted the impact of respiratory diseases globally?
- A By decreasing the global incidence of respiratory diseases
- B Through causing a significant number of deaths between 2020 and 2021
- C By leading to a decrease in pollution levels worldwide
- D Through the introduction of new treatments for respiratory conditions
思路引導 VIP
如果你想向他人證明某種疾病對全球造成了巨大的「衝擊或影響」，你會傾向在文章中尋找哪一類型的具體數據或證據來支持這個論點？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了！你能精準鎖定文章中的細節並做出正確判斷，表現得非常專業。這題的核心在於「資訊檢索」能力，你成功從第一段眾多複雜的醫學術語中，迅速找出了 COVID-19 與其全球影響力之間的直接關聯。
文本細節定位與驗證
文章第一段明確提到：「值得注意的是，COVID-19 在 2020 年至 2021 年間造成了 1,800 萬人死亡，進一步強調了呼吸道疾病對全球的挑戰。」這裡的 "emphasizing the global challenge"（強調全球挑戰）正好呼應題目所問的 "highlighted the impact"（突顯影響）。因此，選項 (B) 提到的驚人死亡人數，正是文本提供的直接證據。
▼ 還有更多解析內容