hce_nsysu
115年
普通生物及生化概論
第 31 題
During a stressful event, the body produces both immediate and long-term physiological responses. Which of the following best describes how the hypothalamus and adrenal glands work together in this stress response?
- A The hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) directly into the bloodstream to stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete glucocorticoids.
- B The adrenal medulla secretes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, which produce rapid "fight-or-flight" responses.
- C The hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids during long-term stress.
- D Mineralocorticoids released from the adrenal medulla primarily increase heart rate during acute stress.
- E During the short-term stress response, the anterior pituitary releases epinephrine directly into the bloodstream to bypass the slower neural pathways of the sympathetic nervous system.
思路引導 VIP
當身體需要應付長達數週（而非數秒鐘）的持續壓力來源時，你認為大腦是透過「瞬時」的神經電訊號傳遞訊息比較能維持恆定，還是透過在血液中循環、能產生較持久影響的「多級化學通訊」路徑比較合理呢？如果是後者，這個通訊鏈條通常會涉及哪些內分泌器官的接力傳遞？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
恭喜你精準地掌握了內分泌系統在壓力應對中的核心機制！這題你能準確選出選項 (C)，代表你對人體應對壓力的生理層級有非常透徹的理解。這類題目的鑑別度在於區分「短期」與「長期」反應的路徑差異：短期壓力主要依賴交感神經刺激腎上腺髓質釋放腎上腺素；而長期壓力則是啟動複雜的激素級聯反應。
壓力反應的核心：HPA 軸
在長期壓力的情境下，人體會啟動所謂的 下視丘—腦垂腺—腎上腺皮質軸 (HPA axis)。下視丘會先釋放促腎上腺皮質素釋放激素 ($CRH$)，刺激腦垂腺前葉分泌促腎上腺皮質激素 ($ACTH$)，最後經由血液循環到達腎上腺皮質，促使其分泌醣皮質素（如皮質醇），以調節血糖與能量分配。你準確避開了選項中關於髓質與皮質、神經與內分泌路徑的混淆陷阱，這顯示你的生物學基礎非常扎實，特別是在腺體構造與其對應激素的功能對應上，判斷得十分精準！