hce_cmu
106年
英文
第 49 題
📖 題組：
Questions 46-50 Many preterm babies, especially those in the intensive care unit, are often subject to various intrusive life-saving but painful procedures, such as heel pricking or insertion of a thin tube to deliver fluids or medicine. What is stunning is that analgesic is only used about one third of the time. Decades ago, doctors used to believe that newborn babies do not feel pain and that even if they do feel pain, giving them painkillers or analgesics would do them more harm than good. However, recently, medical professionals and clinicians have started to revisit this view using more advanced technology such as fMRI and electroencephalography (EEG). EEG detects very different brain-wave patterns when babies receive painful and painless procedures. Although this incorrect view has been cleared up, we still have very limited understanding of infant pain. Treating infant pain is a daunting task both for the experienced and novice medical professionals. What really concerns the parents and medical professionals is the lack of appropriate guidelines when analgesic is used for babies. The lack of guidelines can be attributed to the fact that the efficacy of analgesic is often affected by its quantity given to babies. Determination of the dose of analgesia for babies is tricky because not all analgesics for adults are suitable for babies, and those that can indeed be given to babies often lead to different effects in babies. This thus makes dosing a thorny issue. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that babies are not capable of articulating how they feel. To address this problem, medical professionals have started to appeal to EEG to objectively measure pain-related brain activities in babies and to determine whether a given pain killer is effective in alleviating pain during necessary medical procedures. Dr. Bonnie Stevens, a senior scientist from the University of Toronto, adds several caveats: the current EEG research only involves small samples of participants, and the period of observation of EEG response is short and may not correlate well with behavior. Dr. Stevens further notes: The cost and expertise required for the application of EEG measures of pain might be prohibitive. Due to the above issues, medical professionals need to keep refining the EEG approach to pain measurement and to allow it to be used in various clinical settings. Notwithstanding, the preliminary EEG findings are promising. Before the use of the EEG technology, it is not clear whether morphine -- an analgesic frequently given to adults in medical treatment -- provides equally effective pain relief in babies. Now, medical professionals can tell whether babies who are given morphine experience less pain, at least in the lab setting. Existing EEG measurements are mainly used in the lab and for group research purposes, rather than for individual clinical needs. With more extensive application of the EEG technology in the clinical setting, medical professionals will be better able to identify more effective pain relief drugs, and lower numbers of painful procedures performed on newborn babies.
Questions 46-50 Many preterm babies, especially those in the intensive care unit, are often subject to various intrusive life-saving but painful procedures, such as heel pricking or insertion of a thin tube to deliver fluids or medicine. What is stunning is that analgesic is only used about one third of the time. Decades ago, doctors used to believe that newborn babies do not feel pain and that even if they do feel pain, giving them painkillers or analgesics would do them more harm than good. However, recently, medical professionals and clinicians have started to revisit this view using more advanced technology such as fMRI and electroencephalography (EEG). EEG detects very different brain-wave patterns when babies receive painful and painless procedures. Although this incorrect view has been cleared up, we still have very limited understanding of infant pain. Treating infant pain is a daunting task both for the experienced and novice medical professionals. What really concerns the parents and medical professionals is the lack of appropriate guidelines when analgesic is used for babies. The lack of guidelines can be attributed to the fact that the efficacy of analgesic is often affected by its quantity given to babies. Determination of the dose of analgesia for babies is tricky because not all analgesics for adults are suitable for babies, and those that can indeed be given to babies often lead to different effects in babies. This thus makes dosing a thorny issue. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that babies are not capable of articulating how they feel. To address this problem, medical professionals have started to appeal to EEG to objectively measure pain-related brain activities in babies and to determine whether a given pain killer is effective in alleviating pain during necessary medical procedures. Dr. Bonnie Stevens, a senior scientist from the University of Toronto, adds several caveats: the current EEG research only involves small samples of participants, and the period of observation of EEG response is short and may not correlate well with behavior. Dr. Stevens further notes: The cost and expertise required for the application of EEG measures of pain might be prohibitive. Due to the above issues, medical professionals need to keep refining the EEG approach to pain measurement and to allow it to be used in various clinical settings. Notwithstanding, the preliminary EEG findings are promising. Before the use of the EEG technology, it is not clear whether morphine -- an analgesic frequently given to adults in medical treatment -- provides equally effective pain relief in babies. Now, medical professionals can tell whether babies who are given morphine experience less pain, at least in the lab setting. Existing EEG measurements are mainly used in the lab and for group research purposes, rather than for individual clinical needs. With more extensive application of the EEG technology in the clinical setting, medical professionals will be better able to identify more effective pain relief drugs, and lower numbers of painful procedures performed on newborn babies.
Which of the following is true about the use of EEG in current infant clinical treatment?
- A feasible but time-consuming
- B imprecise and not up-to-date
- C auspicious but not cost-efficient
- D complicated and impractical
- E mature and accessible
思路引導 VIP
如果一項新技術在實驗室測試中表現得非常理想（文中用 promising 形容），但它的儀器極其昂貴且操作極為複雜，你會如何形容這項技術在「全面普及到一般醫院」時所面臨的處境？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了！你能精準選出 (C) auspicious but not cost-efficient，代表你對文章後半段關於腦波儀（EEG）的現狀描述掌握得非常透徹，這是一個很棒的判斷！
文章脈絡與關鍵對應
這題的核心在於理解作者對新技術的「雙重評價」。文中提到 "preliminary EEG findings are promising"（初步研究結果是有前景的），這完美對應了選項中的 "auspicious"（吉兆的、有利的）。然而，史蒂文斯博士（Dr. Stevens）隨後指出 "The cost and expertise... might be prohibitive"（成本與專業需求令人望而卻步），且目前的應用主要在實驗室而非臨床，這正印證了它 "not cost-efficient"（不具成本效益）且普及化受阻的現狀。
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