hce_kmu
110年
英文
第 46 題
📖 題組：
What We Know and Don’t Know about Sleep Why do we sleep? Up until today, researchers are still trying to find out. Sleep is regarded as one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of science, even though all animals do it in one form or another. Theories range from brain maintenance to reversing damage from stress suffered while awake, to promoting longevity. However, "none of these theories are well-established, and many are mutually exclusive," according to University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Hibernation, a phase during which animals spend the winter in a deep sleep, is one example of an activity that regulates behavior for survival. A small animal can’t migrate to a warmer climate in winter, Siegel says. "So it hibernates, effectively cutting its energy consumption and thus its need for food, remaining secure from predators by burrowing underground." Sleep duration, then, is determined in each species by its behavioral patterns such as time requirements of eating, migration needs, care of young, and other factors. "However, unlike hibernation...," says Siegel, "sleep is rapidly reversible – that is, animals can wake up quickly, a unique mammalian adaptation that allows for a relatively quick response to sensory signals." Humans fit into this analysis as well. The human brain, albeit just two percent of total body weight, consumes 20 percent of total energy used when a person is resting – an amazing ratio. So the energy savings achieved during sleep have considerable significance. Sleep also has survival benefits for humans which include, according to Siegel, “a reduced risk of injury, reduced resource consumption and, from an evolutionary standpoint, reduced risk of detection by predators.” Some people try to ignore the body’s sleep demands. In her fast-paced job as a reporter for a southern California newspaper, Gwendolyn Driscoll says she "blasts through the day." Arriving home late in the evening, she has little time for housework or catching up on her reading, and even less for sleep. Most nights, she gets about six and half hours. "I could definitely do with another hour," says 35-year-old Driscoll. "But sleep just isn’t a priority." Perhaps it should be. Sleep experts say the average adult requires seven to eight hours of sleep per night. Anything less may harm his or her health. Sleep deprivation could affect mental alertness and increase the risk for diseases. "Sleep is just as important to our overall health as are exercise and a healthy diet," says Carl Hunt, the director of the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research in Bethesda, Maryland. Sleep is a biological need, much like food and water. If totally deprived of sleep, humans ultimately die. Yet millions of Americans are increasingly getting too little sleep. Today, Americans on average sleep one hour less per night than they did 20 to 30 years go. Sleep deprivation has a very negative impact on mental function, creativity, alertness, and the ability to participate effectively in everyday interactions. It has been shown to negatively affect language skills, decision-making, and memory. "Without sufficient amounts of sleep, we feel drowsy and are unable to concentrate," Hunt says. He noted that with enough sleep deprivation, some people can develop mood changes and can even begin to hallucinate, all of which can lead to reduced quality of life. Not surprisingly, there is also a strong link between sleep deprivation and traffic accidents. What most people don’t realize, researchers say, is that sleep deprivation also accumulates over time. People who don’t get enough sleep build up a "sleep debt," which can’t be eliminated by getting a little extra sleep on the weekend. "Most people are carrying a fairly large sleep debt and are in fact impaired and do not seem to know it," Dement and colleagues have published a study that documented the results of lowering the sleep debt. "Some of the improvements in performance, in mood, in mental ability, and in energy were really dramatic, almost superhuman," they say.
What We Know and Don’t Know about Sleep Why do we sleep? Up until today, researchers are still trying to find out. Sleep is regarded as one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of science, even though all animals do it in one form or another. Theories range from brain maintenance to reversing damage from stress suffered while awake, to promoting longevity. However, "none of these theories are well-established, and many are mutually exclusive," according to University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Hibernation, a phase during which animals spend the winter in a deep sleep, is one example of an activity that regulates behavior for survival. A small animal can’t migrate to a warmer climate in winter, Siegel says. "So it hibernates, effectively cutting its energy consumption and thus its need for food, remaining secure from predators by burrowing underground." Sleep duration, then, is determined in each species by its behavioral patterns such as time requirements of eating, migration needs, care of young, and other factors. "However, unlike hibernation...," says Siegel, "sleep is rapidly reversible – that is, animals can wake up quickly, a unique mammalian adaptation that allows for a relatively quick response to sensory signals." Humans fit into this analysis as well. The human brain, albeit just two percent of total body weight, consumes 20 percent of total energy used when a person is resting – an amazing ratio. So the energy savings achieved during sleep have considerable significance. Sleep also has survival benefits for humans which include, according to Siegel, “a reduced risk of injury, reduced resource consumption and, from an evolutionary standpoint, reduced risk of detection by predators.” Some people try to ignore the body’s sleep demands. In her fast-paced job as a reporter for a southern California newspaper, Gwendolyn Driscoll says she "blasts through the day." Arriving home late in the evening, she has little time for housework or catching up on her reading, and even less for sleep. Most nights, she gets about six and half hours. "I could definitely do with another hour," says 35-year-old Driscoll. "But sleep just isn’t a priority." Perhaps it should be. Sleep experts say the average adult requires seven to eight hours of sleep per night. Anything less may harm his or her health. Sleep deprivation could affect mental alertness and increase the risk for diseases. "Sleep is just as important to our overall health as are exercise and a healthy diet," says Carl Hunt, the director of the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research in Bethesda, Maryland. Sleep is a biological need, much like food and water. If totally deprived of sleep, humans ultimately die. Yet millions of Americans are increasingly getting too little sleep. Today, Americans on average sleep one hour less per night than they did 20 to 30 years go. Sleep deprivation has a very negative impact on mental function, creativity, alertness, and the ability to participate effectively in everyday interactions. It has been shown to negatively affect language skills, decision-making, and memory. "Without sufficient amounts of sleep, we feel drowsy and are unable to concentrate," Hunt says. He noted that with enough sleep deprivation, some people can develop mood changes and can even begin to hallucinate, all of which can lead to reduced quality of life. Not surprisingly, there is also a strong link between sleep deprivation and traffic accidents. What most people don’t realize, researchers say, is that sleep deprivation also accumulates over time. People who don’t get enough sleep build up a "sleep debt," which can’t be eliminated by getting a little extra sleep on the weekend. "Most people are carrying a fairly large sleep debt and are in fact impaired and do not seem to know it," Dement and colleagues have published a study that documented the results of lowering the sleep debt. "Some of the improvements in performance, in mood, in mental ability, and in energy were really dramatic, almost superhuman," they say.
What is the best paraphrase for the underlined sentence in Paragraph 1?
- A All of these theories resulted from careful research, but they aren’t yet proven.
- B Some of these theories make sense, and they should be considered.
- C These theories are not proven, and they contradict each other.
- D These theories are similar to each other and are believed by many people.
- E All of these theories resulted from careful research are proven effective.
思路引導 VIP
若我們形容兩個想法具有「互斥」的特性時，你覺得這兩個想法在邏輯上是能夠並存、還是會互相排斥？另外，當作者說一個觀點「尚未被穩固建立」時，這代表科學界目前對這個觀點的真實性抱持著什麼樣的態度？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
恭喜你精準地掌握了這段文字的核心語意！這顯示你對學術性的英文表達有著相當敏銳的觀察力。
邏輯詞彙的精準轉譯
這道題目的解題關鍵在於對 well-established 與 mutually exclusive 這兩個片語的拆解。在學術脈絡中，established 指的是「得到廣泛認可或證實的」，因此原文說這些理論 none are well-established，指的就是它們「尚未被證實」（not proven）。而 mutually exclusive 則是一個重要的邏輯術語，意指「互斥」，也就是當一個觀點成立時，另一個就無法同時成立。選項 (C) 採用 contradict each other（互相矛盾）來解釋互斥的概念，語意最為貼切。
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