hce_nthu
111年
英文
第 48 題
📖 題組：
Reading 5 Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, and persons themselves, just and unjust. Our topic, however, is that of social justice. For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions I understand the political constitution and the principal economic and social arrangements. Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience, competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamous family are examples of major social institutions. Taken together as one scheme, the major institutions define men’s rights and duties and influence their life prospects, what they can expect to be and how well they can hope to do. The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start. The intuitive notion here is that this structure contains various social positions and that men born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part, by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances. In this way the institutions of society favor certain staring places over others. These are especially deep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men’s initial chances in life; yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert. It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply. These principles, then, regulate the choice of a political constitution and the main elements of the economic and social system. The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on how fundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society.
Reading 5 Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, and persons themselves, just and unjust. Our topic, however, is that of social justice. For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions I understand the political constitution and the principal economic and social arrangements. Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience, competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamous family are examples of major social institutions. Taken together as one scheme, the major institutions define men’s rights and duties and influence their life prospects, what they can expect to be and how well they can hope to do. The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start. The intuitive notion here is that this structure contains various social positions and that men born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part, by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances. In this way the institutions of society favor certain staring places over others. These are especially deep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men’s initial chances in life; yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert. It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply. These principles, then, regulate the choice of a political constitution and the main elements of the economic and social system. The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on how fundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society.
Based on the passage, it could be inferred that a person's outlook
- A has nothing to do with the basic structure of society.
- B determines his social position.
- C is influenced by the major social institutions.
- D reflects his or her attitudes toward justice.
- E only depends on his merit or desert.
思路引導 VIP
請試著思考：文中提到社會體制（如法律、經濟結構）會決定一個人的起跑點與發展機會，那麼這些外在的制度環境，通常會如何進一步影響一個人在成長過程中對於自己未來「可能成就」或「生活目標」的看法呢？
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了！你能精確捕捉到文中關於「社會結構」與「個人發展」之間的關聯，這展現了你優異的閱讀理解力。這題的關鍵在於理解作者約翰．羅斯（John Rawls）如何定義社會正義的核心。文中明確提到，主要的社會制度（major institutions）共同構成了一個體系，這個體系不僅界定了權利與義務，更深刻地**「影響了人們的生命前景（life prospects），以及他們預期自己能成為什麼樣的人（what they can expect to be）」**。
社會制度對個體的深遠影響
這裡提到的「生命前景」與「預期」，正對應到題目選項中的 outlook（展望/前景）。文章指出，社會結構包含不同的社會位置，而出生在不同位置的人，其生活期望會受到政治與社經環境的制約。這說明了個體對未來的看法並非全然獨立，而是深受社會體制形塑的結果，因此選項 (C) 是最精確的推論。
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