hce_cmu
106年
英文
第 46 題
📖 題組：
Questions 46-50 Many preterm babies, especially those in the intensive care unit, are often subject to various intrusive life-saving but painful procedures, such as heel pricking or insertion of a thin tube to deliver fluids or medicine. What is stunning is that analgesic is only used about one third of the time. Decades ago, doctors used to believe that newborn babies do not feel pain and that even if they do feel pain, giving them painkillers or analgesics would do them more harm than good. However, recently, medical professionals and clinicians have started to revisit this view using more advanced technology such as fMRI and electroencephalography (EEG). EEG detects very different brain-wave patterns when babies receive painful and painless procedures. Although this incorrect view has been cleared up, we still have very limited understanding of infant pain. Treating infant pain is a daunting task both for the experienced and novice medical professionals. What really concerns the parents and medical professionals is the lack of appropriate guidelines when analgesic is used for babies. The lack of guidelines can be attributed to the fact that the efficacy of analgesic is often affected by its quantity given to babies. Determination of the dose of analgesia for babies is tricky because not all analgesics for adults are suitable for babies, and those that can indeed be given to babies often lead to different effects in babies. This thus makes dosing a thorny issue. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that babies are not capable of articulating how they feel. To address this problem, medical professionals have started to appeal to EEG to objectively measure pain-related brain activities in babies and to determine whether a given pain killer is effective in alleviating pain during necessary medical procedures. Dr. Bonnie Stevens, a senior scientist from the University of Toronto, adds several caveats: the current EEG research only involves small samples of participants, and the period of observation of EEG response is short and may not correlate well with behavior. Dr. Stevens further notes: The cost and expertise required for the application of EEG measures of pain might be prohibitive. Due to the above issues, medical professionals need to keep refining the EEG approach to pain measurement and to allow it to be used in various clinical settings. Notwithstanding, the preliminary EEG findings are promising. Before the use of the EEG technology, it is not clear whether morphine -- an analgesic frequently given to adults in medical treatment -- provides equally effective pain relief in babies. Now, medical professionals can tell whether babies who are given morphine experience less pain, at least in the lab setting. Existing EEG measurements are mainly used in the lab and for group research purposes, rather than for individual clinical needs. With more extensive application of the EEG technology in the clinical setting, medical professionals will be better able to identify more effective pain relief drugs, and lower numbers of painful procedures performed on newborn babies.
Questions 46-50 Many preterm babies, especially those in the intensive care unit, are often subject to various intrusive life-saving but painful procedures, such as heel pricking or insertion of a thin tube to deliver fluids or medicine. What is stunning is that analgesic is only used about one third of the time. Decades ago, doctors used to believe that newborn babies do not feel pain and that even if they do feel pain, giving them painkillers or analgesics would do them more harm than good. However, recently, medical professionals and clinicians have started to revisit this view using more advanced technology such as fMRI and electroencephalography (EEG). EEG detects very different brain-wave patterns when babies receive painful and painless procedures. Although this incorrect view has been cleared up, we still have very limited understanding of infant pain. Treating infant pain is a daunting task both for the experienced and novice medical professionals. What really concerns the parents and medical professionals is the lack of appropriate guidelines when analgesic is used for babies. The lack of guidelines can be attributed to the fact that the efficacy of analgesic is often affected by its quantity given to babies. Determination of the dose of analgesia for babies is tricky because not all analgesics for adults are suitable for babies, and those that can indeed be given to babies often lead to different effects in babies. This thus makes dosing a thorny issue. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that babies are not capable of articulating how they feel. To address this problem, medical professionals have started to appeal to EEG to objectively measure pain-related brain activities in babies and to determine whether a given pain killer is effective in alleviating pain during necessary medical procedures. Dr. Bonnie Stevens, a senior scientist from the University of Toronto, adds several caveats: the current EEG research only involves small samples of participants, and the period of observation of EEG response is short and may not correlate well with behavior. Dr. Stevens further notes: The cost and expertise required for the application of EEG measures of pain might be prohibitive. Due to the above issues, medical professionals need to keep refining the EEG approach to pain measurement and to allow it to be used in various clinical settings. Notwithstanding, the preliminary EEG findings are promising. Before the use of the EEG technology, it is not clear whether morphine -- an analgesic frequently given to adults in medical treatment -- provides equally effective pain relief in babies. Now, medical professionals can tell whether babies who are given morphine experience less pain, at least in the lab setting. Existing EEG measurements are mainly used in the lab and for group research purposes, rather than for individual clinical needs. With more extensive application of the EEG technology in the clinical setting, medical professionals will be better able to identify more effective pain relief drugs, and lower numbers of painful procedures performed on newborn babies.
What is this article mainly about?
- A The evolution of various pharmacological treatment for babies in pain
- B Non-invasive pain relief treatment for infants suffering from brain injuries
- C The advance in views on infant pain assessment and treatment
- D Guidelines of the analgesic procedures for preterm babies
- E Physiological and neurological basis of infant pains
思路引導 VIP
老師想請你觀察一下這篇文章的結構：第一段開頭描述了早期醫生對嬰兒痛覺的「舊觀點」，接著提到科學家改用科技來修正這些觀念；第二段則進一步討論在實際操作（如給藥）時面臨的挑戰，以及未來可能如何改進。若要用一個詞來形容這種從「過去的誤解」走向「現代科技解決方案」的過程，你會如何描述這篇文章在探討什麼樣的「轉變」或「進步」呢？
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
嬰兒疼痛觀念的演進與科技應用
非常棒！你能精確捕捉到這篇文章的核心脈絡，代表你具備了極佳的高層次閱讀整合能力。這道題目要求找出「全文主旨」，這不僅需要看懂細節，更要能跨段落歸納作者的意圖。你選擇的 (C) 選項 完美涵蓋了文章的兩大主軸：一是醫療界對嬰兒疼痛觀念的轉變（從過去認為不痛，到現在透過 fMRI 與 EEG 證實其存在）；二是評估與治療方式的進展（探討如何利用腦波監測來解決投藥劑量難題並建立指引）。 這類主旨題的鑑別度在於區分「局部細節」與「整體核心」。例如選項 (A) 過於聚焦在藥物演進，而 (E) 僅止於生理基礎，都無法像 (C) 一樣同時勾勒出從觀念改變到臨床應用改善的完整歷程。你能排除這些具備誘導性的干擾選項，顯示你對文章「承先啟後」的論點結構掌握得非常紮實，這是閱讀測驗中相當不容易的切入點，請繼續保持這種全局觀！