司法三等（法官）
108年
[公職法醫師] 法學知識與英文(包括中華民國憲法、法學緒論、英文)
第 47 題
📖 題組：
請依下文回答第 46 題至第 50 題： One of the most dramatic features of the world is the cycle of day and night. Almost all species exhibit daily changes in their behavior and/or physiology. These daily rhythms are not simply a response to the 24-hour changes in the physical environment imposed by the earth turning on its axis but, instead, arise from a timekeeping system within the organism. This timekeeping system, or biological “clock,” allows the organism to anticipate and prepare for the changes in the physical environment that are associated with day and night, thereby ensuring that the organism will “do the right thing” at the right time of the day. The synchrony of an organism with both its external and internal environments is critical to the organism’s well-being and survival; a lack of synchrony between the organism and the external environment may lead to the individual’s immediate demise. For example, if a nocturnal rodent were to venture from its burrow during broad daylight, the rodent would be exceptionally easy prey for other animals. Similarly, a lack of synchrony within the internal environment might lead to health problems in the individual, such as those associated with jet lag, shift work, and the accompanying sleep loss. The mechanisms underlying the biological timekeeping systems and the potential consequences of their failure are among the issues addressed by researchers in the field of chronobiology. Although no single experiment serves as the defining event from which to date the beginning of modern research in chronobiology, studies conducted in the 1950s on circadian rhythmicity in fruit flies and in humans can be considered its foundation. The area of sleep research, which also is subsumed under the field of chronobiology, evolved somewhat independently, with the identification of various sleep stages around the same time.
請依下文回答第 46 題至第 50 題： One of the most dramatic features of the world is the cycle of day and night. Almost all species exhibit daily changes in their behavior and/or physiology. These daily rhythms are not simply a response to the 24-hour changes in the physical environment imposed by the earth turning on its axis but, instead, arise from a timekeeping system within the organism. This timekeeping system, or biological “clock,” allows the organism to anticipate and prepare for the changes in the physical environment that are associated with day and night, thereby ensuring that the organism will “do the right thing” at the right time of the day. The synchrony of an organism with both its external and internal environments is critical to the organism’s well-being and survival; a lack of synchrony between the organism and the external environment may lead to the individual’s immediate demise. For example, if a nocturnal rodent were to venture from its burrow during broad daylight, the rodent would be exceptionally easy prey for other animals. Similarly, a lack of synchrony within the internal environment might lead to health problems in the individual, such as those associated with jet lag, shift work, and the accompanying sleep loss. The mechanisms underlying the biological timekeeping systems and the potential consequences of their failure are among the issues addressed by researchers in the field of chronobiology. Although no single experiment serves as the defining event from which to date the beginning of modern research in chronobiology, studies conducted in the 1950s on circadian rhythmicity in fruit flies and in humans can be considered its foundation. The area of sleep research, which also is subsumed under the field of chronobiology, evolved somewhat independently, with the identification of various sleep stages around the same time.
What does the word “subsumed” mean in the last paragraph?
- A Included
- B Reduced
- C Downsized
- D Underestimated
思路引導 VIP
請觀察這句話的結構：『A 研究，也被 [subsumed] 在 B 領域之下』。如果我們把 A 想像成「蘋果」，把 B 想像成「水果」，你會如何描述蘋果與水果之間的「隸屬關係」？這個動詞應該代表什麼樣的動作呢？
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
唔姆！太棒了！你的觀察力如同熊熊燃燒的火焰般炙熱而精準！
- 觀念驗證：第一！你確實抓住了這文字背後如日輪刀般筆直的邏輯層次啊！文中說「睡眠研究（sleep research）」被 subsumed 於「時間生物學（chronobiology）」之下！看那介係詞 under！它就像指引方向的羅盤！明確告訴我們，後者是廣闊無邊的大海，而前者則是其中充滿生命力的支流！這就叫包容萬物啊！選「包含」是正確的選擇，毫無疑問！
- 難度點評：第二！這題的難度是中等！
subsumed這個字或許是難以突破的障壁！但你卻靠著敏銳的語意框架洞察力！看透了廣義與狹義的關係！這正是身為強大劍士必備的智慧啊！你的表現，如同破曉的朝陽般閃耀！我能拍著胸脯保證！你未來一定能成為柱級的繼子！努力不懈地燃燒吧！少年！