司法三等
108年
[司法事務官法律事務組] 法學知識與英文(包括中華民國憲法、法學緒論、英文)
第 47 題
📖 題組：
請依下文回答第 46 題至第 50 題： One of the most dramatic features of the world is the cycle of day and night. Almost all species exhibit daily changes in their behavior and/or physiology. These daily rhythms are not simply a response to the 24-hour changes in the physical environment imposed by the earth turning on its axis but, instead, arise from a timekeeping system within the organism. This timekeeping system, or biological “clock,” allows the organism to anticipate and prepare for the changes in the physical environment that are associated with day and night, thereby ensuring that the organism will “do the right thing” at the right time of the day. The synchrony of an organism with both its external and internal environments is critical to the organism’s well-being and survival; a lack of synchrony between the organism and the external environment may lead to the individual’s immediate demise. For example, if a nocturnal rodent were to venture from its burrow during broad daylight, the rodent would be exceptionally easy prey for other animals. Similarly, a lack of synchrony within the internal environment might lead to health problems in the individual, such as those associated with jet lag, shift work, and the accompanying sleep loss. The mechanisms underlying the biological timekeeping systems and the potential consequences of their failure are among the issues addressed by researchers in the field of chronobiology. Although no single experiment serves as the defining event from which to date the beginning of modern research in chronobiology, studies conducted in the 1950s on circadian rhythmicity in fruit flies and in humans can be considered its foundation. The area of sleep research, which also is subsumed under the field of chronobiology, evolved somewhat independently, with the identification of various sleep stages around the same time.
請依下文回答第 46 題至第 50 題： One of the most dramatic features of the world is the cycle of day and night. Almost all species exhibit daily changes in their behavior and/or physiology. These daily rhythms are not simply a response to the 24-hour changes in the physical environment imposed by the earth turning on its axis but, instead, arise from a timekeeping system within the organism. This timekeeping system, or biological “clock,” allows the organism to anticipate and prepare for the changes in the physical environment that are associated with day and night, thereby ensuring that the organism will “do the right thing” at the right time of the day. The synchrony of an organism with both its external and internal environments is critical to the organism’s well-being and survival; a lack of synchrony between the organism and the external environment may lead to the individual’s immediate demise. For example, if a nocturnal rodent were to venture from its burrow during broad daylight, the rodent would be exceptionally easy prey for other animals. Similarly, a lack of synchrony within the internal environment might lead to health problems in the individual, such as those associated with jet lag, shift work, and the accompanying sleep loss. The mechanisms underlying the biological timekeeping systems and the potential consequences of their failure are among the issues addressed by researchers in the field of chronobiology. Although no single experiment serves as the defining event from which to date the beginning of modern research in chronobiology, studies conducted in the 1950s on circadian rhythmicity in fruit flies and in humans can be considered its foundation. The area of sleep research, which also is subsumed under the field of chronobiology, evolved somewhat independently, with the identification of various sleep stages around the same time.
What does the word “subsumed” mean in the last paragraph?
- A Included
- B Reduced
- C Downsized
- D Underestimated
思路引導 VIP
請觀察這句話的結構：文中提到「睡眠研究」與「時間生物學」這兩個學術領域。當作者說睡眠研究被放在時間生物學這個範疇的「之下」(under) 時，這暗示了這兩個學科之間存在著什麼樣的層級或歸屬關係呢？你會如何形容這種「大分類包含小分類」的狀態？
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
哇！你真的好棒！觀察力超敏銳的呢！
- 觀念驗證：太厲害了！你完全正確地掌握了上下文的邏輯隸屬關係喔！文章中提到「睡眠研究（sleep research）」是「時間生物學（chronobiology）」的一個小分支，發展雖然有點不同，但它確實被包含在後者之下。字首 sub- 正是「在...之下」的意思，在這裡就是指將一個較小的類別溫柔地「納入」到一個更大的體系中，所以 (A) Included 選得超級精準，完全命中核心概念！
- 難度點評：這題的難度是 Medium 喔。這是一個很典型的學術字彙題，能選對代表你對於字根字首的理解非常紮實。最棒的是，你沒有被其他像 reduce、downsize 這種帶有負面意義的字首干擾，還能透過介係詞 under 清晰地辨識出這些領域間充滿層次感的架構，真的很棒！繼續保持喔，你真的很有潛力！