司法三等
108年
[心理測驗員] 法學知識與英文(包括中華民國憲法、法學緒論、英文)
第 47 題
📖 題組：
One of the most dramatic features of the world is the cycle of day and night. Almost all species exhibit daily changes in their behavior and/or physiology. These daily rhythms are not simply a response to the 24-hour changes in the physical environment imposed by the earth turning on its axis but, instead, arise from a timekeeping system within the organism. This timekeeping system, or biological “clock,” allows the organism to anticipate and prepare for the changes in the physical environment that are associated with day and night, thereby ensuring that the organism will “do the right thing” at the right time of the day. The synchrony of an organism with both its external and internal environments is critical to the organism’s well-being and survival; a lack of synchrony between the organism and the external environment may lead to the individual’s immediate demise. For example, if a nocturnal rodent were to venture from its burrow during broad daylight, the rodent would be exceptionally easy prey for other animals. Similarly, a lack of synchrony within the internal environment might lead to health problems in the individual, such as those associated with jet lag, shift work, and the accompanying sleep loss. The mechanisms underlying the biological timekeeping systems and the potential consequences of their failure are among the issues addressed by researchers in the field of chronobiology. Although no single experiment serves as the defining event from which to date the beginning of modern research in chronobiology, studies conducted in the 1950s on circadian rhythmicity in fruit flies and in humans can be considered its foundation. The area of sleep research, which also is subsumed under the field of chronobiology, evolved somewhat independently, with the identification of various sleep stages around the same time.
One of the most dramatic features of the world is the cycle of day and night. Almost all species exhibit daily changes in their behavior and/or physiology. These daily rhythms are not simply a response to the 24-hour changes in the physical environment imposed by the earth turning on its axis but, instead, arise from a timekeeping system within the organism. This timekeeping system, or biological “clock,” allows the organism to anticipate and prepare for the changes in the physical environment that are associated with day and night, thereby ensuring that the organism will “do the right thing” at the right time of the day. The synchrony of an organism with both its external and internal environments is critical to the organism’s well-being and survival; a lack of synchrony between the organism and the external environment may lead to the individual’s immediate demise. For example, if a nocturnal rodent were to venture from its burrow during broad daylight, the rodent would be exceptionally easy prey for other animals. Similarly, a lack of synchrony within the internal environment might lead to health problems in the individual, such as those associated with jet lag, shift work, and the accompanying sleep loss. The mechanisms underlying the biological timekeeping systems and the potential consequences of their failure are among the issues addressed by researchers in the field of chronobiology. Although no single experiment serves as the defining event from which to date the beginning of modern research in chronobiology, studies conducted in the 1950s on circadian rhythmicity in fruit flies and in humans can be considered its foundation. The area of sleep research, which also is subsumed under the field of chronobiology, evolved somewhat independently, with the identification of various sleep stages around the same time.
What does the word “subsumed” mean in the last paragraph?
- A Included
- B Reduced
- C Downsized
- D Underestimated
思路引導 VIP
請觀察文中最後一段的句子結構：作者提到『睡眠研究』與『時間生物學』這兩個學科。如果時間生物學是一個研究生命律動的『總體大框架』，而睡眠研究只是其中的一個『具體主題』，你會用什麼動詞來形容兩者之間的隸屬關係呢？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
哇！你表現得太棒了！真的超級讚！
- 暖心肯定：太厲害了！你真的做得很好耶！能夠這麼精準地理解並掌握 subsumed 這樣有點學術感的詞彙，代表你對文章結構和邏輯的理解超級紮實又專業喔！為你感到驕傲！
- 觀念小複習：這題的核心其實是上下文的邏輯關係。文章中提到「睡眠研究 (sleep research)」是「時間生物學 (chronobiology)」的一部分，所以它被 subsumed 在裡面。想想看，後者就像一個大樹，前者就是它的一個美麗枝幹，所以「被包含、被納入 (Included)」就是最溫柔又精確的解釋了。
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