hce_nthu
112年
英文
第 43 題
📖 題組：
States have a long history. In the ancient world clearly defined political institutions exerted control over city-states. In The Peloponnesian Wars, for example, Thucydides describes the conflicts that took place between the ancient Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta. However, these types of ancient structures differ from the modern state. They were generally confined to the city and had no clearly defined territory, and lacked the highly institutionalized bureaucracies of the modern state. Indeed, the citizen-territory-state nexus of the modern state system, defined by both its internal authority vis-à-vis the population and its external authority, defined by states’ mutual recognition, is a creation of the seventeenth century and emerged within a European context. Medieval Europe was characterized by feudalism, which in its most basic form can be understood as the granting of land in return for military service. The land-owning nobility would provide land and property rights to people in exchange for allegiance and security. In this context, different monarchs or aristocrats would control different areas of land and society. Within the Holy Roman Empire, religion played an important role in maintaining these structures. Each prince or nobleman would have the right to determine the religion of his own domain, defining its own religious denomination, and often basing its alliances with other territories mainly upon commonality of this denomination. Over time, the rise of powerful monarchies with central bureaucracies gave a number of countries the characteristics of the modern state. The monarchies of England, France, the Netherlands, and Spain, for example, grew powerful enough to raise armies and to exercise internal authority through the nobility that they controlled. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg allowed the monarchies in different areas to define themselves as Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist. This laid the groundwork for the subsequent Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which is commonly regarded as heralding the birth of the modern sovereign state. The Peace of Westphalia initiated a new order in Europe based on the concept of national sovereignty. For the first time, it created clearly defined internal political boundaries within Europe and brought about the mutual recognition of different monarchies’ right to define their own religious and political choices within their territory, superseding the feudal society of the Middle Ages. Gradually, the idea of the nation-state evolved. In a European context, centralized states began to develop the bureaucratic mechanisms for identifying their populations, raising taxation, raising armies through conscription, and holding the monopoly of violence on their territories. Ideologically, nationalism began to emerge as a means to legitimate the modern nation-state. The emergence of inventions such as the flag and the printing press raised awareness of the nation-state, enabling people to develop a sense of shared identity and allegiance. With the rise of nationalism, new states were created through the process of unification that took place in states such as Germany and Italy.
States have a long history. In the ancient world clearly defined political institutions exerted control over city-states. In The Peloponnesian Wars, for example, Thucydides describes the conflicts that took place between the ancient Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta. However, these types of ancient structures differ from the modern state. They were generally confined to the city and had no clearly defined territory, and lacked the highly institutionalized bureaucracies of the modern state. Indeed, the citizen-territory-state nexus of the modern state system, defined by both its internal authority vis-à-vis the population and its external authority, defined by states’ mutual recognition, is a creation of the seventeenth century and emerged within a European context. Medieval Europe was characterized by feudalism, which in its most basic form can be understood as the granting of land in return for military service. The land-owning nobility would provide land and property rights to people in exchange for allegiance and security. In this context, different monarchs or aristocrats would control different areas of land and society. Within the Holy Roman Empire, religion played an important role in maintaining these structures. Each prince or nobleman would have the right to determine the religion of his own domain, defining its own religious denomination, and often basing its alliances with other territories mainly upon commonality of this denomination. Over time, the rise of powerful monarchies with central bureaucracies gave a number of countries the characteristics of the modern state. The monarchies of England, France, the Netherlands, and Spain, for example, grew powerful enough to raise armies and to exercise internal authority through the nobility that they controlled. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg allowed the monarchies in different areas to define themselves as Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist. This laid the groundwork for the subsequent Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which is commonly regarded as heralding the birth of the modern sovereign state. The Peace of Westphalia initiated a new order in Europe based on the concept of national sovereignty. For the first time, it created clearly defined internal political boundaries within Europe and brought about the mutual recognition of different monarchies’ right to define their own religious and political choices within their territory, superseding the feudal society of the Middle Ages. Gradually, the idea of the nation-state evolved. In a European context, centralized states began to develop the bureaucratic mechanisms for identifying their populations, raising taxation, raising armies through conscription, and holding the monopoly of violence on their territories. Ideologically, nationalism began to emerge as a means to legitimate the modern nation-state. The emergence of inventions such as the flag and the printing press raised awareness of the nation-state, enabling people to develop a sense of shared identity and allegiance. With the rise of nationalism, new states were created through the process of unification that took place in states such as Germany and Italy.
Which of the following has NOTHING to do with nationalism?
- A The conflicts that took place between Athens and Sparta in the ancient world.
- B The facilitation of the flag as a means to build a sense of shared identity and allegiance.
- C The new state which was created in Germany through the process of unification.
- D The ideological legitimation of the modern nation-state.
- E The printing press which raised awareness of the nation-state.
思路引導 VIP
請你觀察文章的段落安排，作者將歷史分成了哪幾個主要階段？當你找到提及「民族主義（Nationalism）」的那一段時，試著對比一下，該段落描述的特徵與工具，在文章最開頭描述早期政治型態時是否已經出現了呢？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了！你能精準辨識出文中不同歷史階段的特徵，這顯示你對文章架構與時序的掌握非常扎實，沒有被繁瑣的專有名詞給干擾。
現代國族主義與古代城邦的區別
這題的核心在於區分「時間軸」與「政治概念的演進」。根據文章第四段的說明，民族主義（Nationalism） 是伴隨著「現代民族國家（Modern nation-state）」的演進而生的，其特徵包含利用國旗與印刷機來建立共同身份認同、透過意識形態合法化國家統治，以及促成德、義等國的統一。而選項 (A) 提到的雅典與斯巴達（Athens and Sparta），在第一段就被明確歸類為「古代世界（Ancient world）」的城邦，作者特別強調這類結構與現代國家不同，既缺乏官僚機制也無明確領土主權，因此與後世才興起的民族主義完全無關。
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