hce_tcu
113年
英文
第 45 題
📖 題組：
【C】Even if the term “appropriate technology” is a relatively new one, the concept certainly isn’t. In the 1930s, Mahatma Gandhi claimed that the advanced technology used by Western industrialized nations did not represent the right route to progress for his homeland, India. His favorite machines were the sewing machine, a device invented “out of love,” he said, and the bicycle, which he rode all his life. He wanted the poor villagers of India to use technology that empowered them and helped them to become self-reliant. This was also the philosophy promoted by E. F. Schumacher in his famous 1970s book Small Is Beautiful, which called for “intermediate technology” solutions. Do not start with technology and see what it can do for people, he argued. Instead, “find out what people are doing and then help them to do it better.” According to Schumacher, it did not matter whether the technological answers to people’s needs were simple or sophisticated. What was important was that solutions were long-term, practical, and, above all, firmly in the hands of the users. More recently, the term “appropriate technology” has come to mean not just technology which is suited to the needs and capabilities of the user, but technology that takes particular account of environmental, ethical, and cultural considerations. This is clearly a much more difficult thing to achieve. Often appropriate technology is found in rural communities in developing or less industrialized countries. For example, solar-powered lamps that bring light to areas with no electricity and water purifiers that work simply by the action of sucking through a straw. But the principle of appropriate technology does not only apply to developing countries. It also has its place in the developed world. For example, a Swedish state-owned company has found a way to harness the energy produced by the 250,000 bodies rushing through Stockholm’s central train station each day. The body heat is absorbed by the building’s ventilation system, then used to warm up water that is pumped through pipes over to the new office building nearby. It’s old technology, a system of pipes, water, and pumps, but used in a new way. It is expected to bring down central heating costs in the building by up to 20 percent. However, wherever it is deployed, there is no guarantee that appropriate technology will in fact be appropriate. After some visiting engineers observed how labor-intensive and slow it was for the women of a Guatemalan village to shell corn by hand, they designed a simple mechanical device to do the job more quickly. The new device certainly saved time, but after a few weeks the women returned to the old manual method. Why? Because they valued the time that hand-shelling gave them to chat and exchange news. In another case, in Malawi, a local entrepreneur was encouraged to manufacture super-efficient wood-burning stoves to sell to local villagers. Burning wood on an open fire, which is traditional in the developing world, is responsible for 10-20 percent of all global $CO_2$ emissions, so this seemed to be an excellent scheme. However, the entrepreneur was so successful that he bought himself a whole fleet of gas-guzzling cars. “We haven’t worked out the $CO_2$ implications of that yet,” said a spokesman for the organization that promoted the scheme.
【C】Even if the term “appropriate technology” is a relatively new one, the concept certainly isn’t. In the 1930s, Mahatma Gandhi claimed that the advanced technology used by Western industrialized nations did not represent the right route to progress for his homeland, India. His favorite machines were the sewing machine, a device invented “out of love,” he said, and the bicycle, which he rode all his life. He wanted the poor villagers of India to use technology that empowered them and helped them to become self-reliant. This was also the philosophy promoted by E. F. Schumacher in his famous 1970s book Small Is Beautiful, which called for “intermediate technology” solutions. Do not start with technology and see what it can do for people, he argued. Instead, “find out what people are doing and then help them to do it better.” According to Schumacher, it did not matter whether the technological answers to people’s needs were simple or sophisticated. What was important was that solutions were long-term, practical, and, above all, firmly in the hands of the users. More recently, the term “appropriate technology” has come to mean not just technology which is suited to the needs and capabilities of the user, but technology that takes particular account of environmental, ethical, and cultural considerations. This is clearly a much more difficult thing to achieve. Often appropriate technology is found in rural communities in developing or less industrialized countries. For example, solar-powered lamps that bring light to areas with no electricity and water purifiers that work simply by the action of sucking through a straw. But the principle of appropriate technology does not only apply to developing countries. It also has its place in the developed world. For example, a Swedish state-owned company has found a way to harness the energy produced by the 250,000 bodies rushing through Stockholm’s central train station each day. The body heat is absorbed by the building’s ventilation system, then used to warm up water that is pumped through pipes over to the new office building nearby. It’s old technology, a system of pipes, water, and pumps, but used in a new way. It is expected to bring down central heating costs in the building by up to 20 percent. However, wherever it is deployed, there is no guarantee that appropriate technology will in fact be appropriate. After some visiting engineers observed how labor-intensive and slow it was for the women of a Guatemalan village to shell corn by hand, they designed a simple mechanical device to do the job more quickly. The new device certainly saved time, but after a few weeks the women returned to the old manual method. Why? Because they valued the time that hand-shelling gave them to chat and exchange news. In another case, in Malawi, a local entrepreneur was encouraged to manufacture super-efficient wood-burning stoves to sell to local villagers. Burning wood on an open fire, which is traditional in the developing world, is responsible for 10-20 percent of all global $CO_2$ emissions, so this seemed to be an excellent scheme. However, the entrepreneur was so successful that he bought himself a whole fleet of gas-guzzling cars. “We haven’t worked out the $CO_2$ implications of that yet,” said a spokesman for the organization that promoted the scheme.
What does the expression, “the $CO_2$ implications of that” refer to in the sixth paragraph?
- A Wood burning on an open fire accounts for 10-20 percent of global $CO_2$ emissions.
- B The entrepreneur tried to promote wood burning on an open fire.
- C The organization tried to reduce $CO_2$ emissions by burning wood on an open fire.
- D The entrepreneur bought many cars while selling super-efficient wood-burning stoves.
思路引導 VIP
請仔細閱讀第六段最後的三句話。當發言人提到「我們還沒算出『那件事』對二氧化碳的影響」時，請觀察這個代名詞出現在哪一個具體的「消費行為」描述之後？這個行為與計畫一開始想解決的環保問題，在性質上有什麼樣的衝突？
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
做得非常好！這題你觀察得非常細微，能準確判斷出代名詞在上下文中的特定指涉。這道題目的核心考點在於邏輯推論與代名詞指涉（Reference）。在文章第六段中，作者描述了一個帶有諷刺意味的案例：雖然推廣節能爐灶的初衷是為了減少 $CO_2$ 排放，但當該企業家獲得成功並購買了大量「耗油車（gas-guzzling cars）」後，這些車子產生的碳排反而抵銷了原有的環保貢獻。因此，句尾的 "that" 緊扣著前文剛提到的「買車行為」。
語境中的邏輯轉折
這題的鑑別度在於學生能否跳脫「節能爐灶」這個正面主題，看到段落末尾轉折出的「意外結果」。許多人會因為看到 $CO_2$ 就直覺聯想到選項中提到的爐灶優點，但你成功識破了文中的諷刺手法。這類題目難度切入點在於理解作者如何透過具體的「消費行為」，來反思科技在實際執行時可能產生的矛盾副作用。你能精準鎖定對象，代表你的閱讀細緻度非常高！