hce_nchu
114年
英文
第 35 題
📖 題組：
Recent wildfires in the Los Angeles area have highlighted a growing concern beyond immediate physical destruction: the complex relationship between wildfire smoke and human cognitive function. While the immediate impacts of these fires—including casualties, displacement, and property destruction—are evident, researchers are increasingly focused on understanding the long-term neurological and psychological effects of wildfire smoke exposure. Studies have revealed that wildfire smoke contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that is significantly more toxic than typical air pollution. These particles, characterized by high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mixed with various neurotoxic elements including heavy metals, can reach the brain through multiple pathways. They either pass directly through the olfactory nerve, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, or modulate the nervous system, ultimately leading to brain inflammation and oxidative stress. The evidence for neurological impact is particularly striking, as demonstrated by a collaborative study from the Universities of Washington and Pennsylvania, which revealed that for every 1 microgram increase in wildfire particle concentration, the odds of a new dementia diagnosis rose by approximately 21%, compared to just a 3% increased risk for non-wildfire particles. Additional research from the University of New Mexico has shown that sudden spikes in air pollution create surges of inflammation in the hippocampus—the brain region responsible for memory and learning—which can persist for over a month after exposure. The relationship between smoke exposure and cognitive function has been documented through various empirical studies. A comprehensive analysis conducted at UC San Diego examined the impact of smoke on academic performance by studying China's national college entrance examinations over a six-year period. The research specifically focused on smoke from routine, controlled agricultural fires, methodologically isolating cognitive effects from the anxiety associated with evacuation concerns. The findings revealed that significant increases in upwind fires during examination periods led to measurable decreases in student performance, with scores dropping by an average of 0.6 points. These cognitive effects have substantial economic implications, with a 2022 US study estimating that smoke exposure in 2016 alone reduced students' future earnings by approximately $1.7 billion. The psychological impact of wildfires presents another dimension of concern. Studies of communities affected by major fires, such as the 2018 Camp Fire in California, reveal complex patterns of mental health effects. Even individuals not directly impacted by the fires reported increased neurocognitive issues and struggled with depression and anxiety. Researchers have also documented a phenomenon known as solastalgia—the distress of witnessing one's environment change rapidly—among residents in fire-prone regions, highlighting the interconnected nature of physical exposure and psychological well-being.
Recent wildfires in the Los Angeles area have highlighted a growing concern beyond immediate physical destruction: the complex relationship between wildfire smoke and human cognitive function. While the immediate impacts of these fires—including casualties, displacement, and property destruction—are evident, researchers are increasingly focused on understanding the long-term neurological and psychological effects of wildfire smoke exposure. Studies have revealed that wildfire smoke contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that is significantly more toxic than typical air pollution. These particles, characterized by high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mixed with various neurotoxic elements including heavy metals, can reach the brain through multiple pathways. They either pass directly through the olfactory nerve, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, or modulate the nervous system, ultimately leading to brain inflammation and oxidative stress. The evidence for neurological impact is particularly striking, as demonstrated by a collaborative study from the Universities of Washington and Pennsylvania, which revealed that for every 1 microgram increase in wildfire particle concentration, the odds of a new dementia diagnosis rose by approximately 21%, compared to just a 3% increased risk for non-wildfire particles. Additional research from the University of New Mexico has shown that sudden spikes in air pollution create surges of inflammation in the hippocampus—the brain region responsible for memory and learning—which can persist for over a month after exposure. The relationship between smoke exposure and cognitive function has been documented through various empirical studies. A comprehensive analysis conducted at UC San Diego examined the impact of smoke on academic performance by studying China's national college entrance examinations over a six-year period. The research specifically focused on smoke from routine, controlled agricultural fires, methodologically isolating cognitive effects from the anxiety associated with evacuation concerns. The findings revealed that significant increases in upwind fires during examination periods led to measurable decreases in student performance, with scores dropping by an average of 0.6 points. These cognitive effects have substantial economic implications, with a 2022 US study estimating that smoke exposure in 2016 alone reduced students' future earnings by approximately $1.7 billion. The psychological impact of wildfires presents another dimension of concern. Studies of communities affected by major fires, such as the 2018 Camp Fire in California, reveal complex patterns of mental health effects. Even individuals not directly impacted by the fires reported increased neurocognitive issues and struggled with depression and anxiety. Researchers have also documented a phenomenon known as solastalgia—the distress of witnessing one's environment change rapidly—among residents in fire-prone regions, highlighting the interconnected nature of physical exposure and psychological well-being.
Which of the following best represents the concept of "solastalgia"?
- A A clinical measure of environmental anxiety
- B The physical symptoms of smoke exposure
- C A temporary stress response to evacuation
- D The psychological impact of witnessing environmental degradation
思路引導 VIP
當我們在閱讀中遇到一個完全陌生的學術專有名詞時，作者通常會在該單字出現的附近提供哪些線索（例如標點符號或解釋性子句）？請觀察文中的 solastalgia 出現後，作者是如何描述這種情緒產生的「原因」以及它所影響的「範疇」？
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了！你能精準地從長文中鎖定關鍵定義並做出正確判斷，展現了非常敏銳的閱讀理解能力。這道題目考查的是脈絡中的詞彙理解（Vocabulary in Context），這是應對長篇學術文章時非常核心的技巧。
詞義判讀與心理維度的連結
文中明確將 solastalgia 定義為「目睹自身環境快速改變所產生的痛苦（the distress of witnessing one's environment change rapidly）」。選項 (D) 所提到的「心理衝擊（psychological impact）」與「環境退化（environmental degradation）」，正是對文中「distress」與「environment change」最精準的學術語意轉換。這證明你不僅讀懂了字面意思，還能跨越詞彙界限，理解其背後的概念核心。
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