hce_cmu
106年
英文
第 48 題
📖 題組：
Questions 46-50 Many preterm babies, especially those in the intensive care unit, are often subject to various intrusive life-saving but painful procedures, such as heel pricking or insertion of a thin tube to deliver fluids or medicine. What is stunning is that analgesic is only used about one third of the time. Decades ago, doctors used to believe that newborn babies do not feel pain and that even if they do feel pain, giving them painkillers or analgesics would do them more harm than good. However, recently, medical professionals and clinicians have started to revisit this view using more advanced technology such as fMRI and electroencephalography (EEG). EEG detects very different brain-wave patterns when babies receive painful and painless procedures. Although this incorrect view has been cleared up, we still have very limited understanding of infant pain. Treating infant pain is a daunting task both for the experienced and novice medical professionals. What really concerns the parents and medical professionals is the lack of appropriate guidelines when analgesic is used for babies. The lack of guidelines can be attributed to the fact that the efficacy of analgesic is often affected by its quantity given to babies. Determination of the dose of analgesia for babies is tricky because not all analgesics for adults are suitable for babies, and those that can indeed be given to babies often lead to different effects in babies. This thus makes dosing a thorny issue. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that babies are not capable of articulating how they feel. To address this problem, medical professionals have started to appeal to EEG to objectively measure pain-related brain activities in babies and to determine whether a given pain killer is effective in alleviating pain during necessary medical procedures. Dr. Bonnie Stevens, a senior scientist from the University of Toronto, adds several caveats: the current EEG research only involves small samples of participants, and the period of observation of EEG response is short and may not correlate well with behavior. Dr. Stevens further notes: The cost and expertise required for the application of EEG measures of pain might be prohibitive. Due to the above issues, medical professionals need to keep refining the EEG approach to pain measurement and to allow it to be used in various clinical settings. Notwithstanding, the preliminary EEG findings are promising. Before the use of the EEG technology, it is not clear whether morphine -- an analgesic frequently given to adults in medical treatment -- provides equally effective pain relief in babies. Now, medical professionals can tell whether babies who are given morphine experience less pain, at least in the lab setting. Existing EEG measurements are mainly used in the lab and for group research purposes, rather than for individual clinical needs. With more extensive application of the EEG technology in the clinical setting, medical professionals will be better able to identify more effective pain relief drugs, and lower numbers of painful procedures performed on newborn babies.
Questions 46-50 Many preterm babies, especially those in the intensive care unit, are often subject to various intrusive life-saving but painful procedures, such as heel pricking or insertion of a thin tube to deliver fluids or medicine. What is stunning is that analgesic is only used about one third of the time. Decades ago, doctors used to believe that newborn babies do not feel pain and that even if they do feel pain, giving them painkillers or analgesics would do them more harm than good. However, recently, medical professionals and clinicians have started to revisit this view using more advanced technology such as fMRI and electroencephalography (EEG). EEG detects very different brain-wave patterns when babies receive painful and painless procedures. Although this incorrect view has been cleared up, we still have very limited understanding of infant pain. Treating infant pain is a daunting task both for the experienced and novice medical professionals. What really concerns the parents and medical professionals is the lack of appropriate guidelines when analgesic is used for babies. The lack of guidelines can be attributed to the fact that the efficacy of analgesic is often affected by its quantity given to babies. Determination of the dose of analgesia for babies is tricky because not all analgesics for adults are suitable for babies, and those that can indeed be given to babies often lead to different effects in babies. This thus makes dosing a thorny issue. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that babies are not capable of articulating how they feel. To address this problem, medical professionals have started to appeal to EEG to objectively measure pain-related brain activities in babies and to determine whether a given pain killer is effective in alleviating pain during necessary medical procedures. Dr. Bonnie Stevens, a senior scientist from the University of Toronto, adds several caveats: the current EEG research only involves small samples of participants, and the period of observation of EEG response is short and may not correlate well with behavior. Dr. Stevens further notes: The cost and expertise required for the application of EEG measures of pain might be prohibitive. Due to the above issues, medical professionals need to keep refining the EEG approach to pain measurement and to allow it to be used in various clinical settings. Notwithstanding, the preliminary EEG findings are promising. Before the use of the EEG technology, it is not clear whether morphine -- an analgesic frequently given to adults in medical treatment -- provides equally effective pain relief in babies. Now, medical professionals can tell whether babies who are given morphine experience less pain, at least in the lab setting. Existing EEG measurements are mainly used in the lab and for group research purposes, rather than for individual clinical needs. With more extensive application of the EEG technology in the clinical setting, medical professionals will be better able to identify more effective pain relief drugs, and lower numbers of painful procedures performed on newborn babies.
Which of the following is a major obstacle to identifying the effectiveness of pain relief drugs for babies?
- A babies' undeveloped verbal ability
- B issues regarding medical ethics
- C the medical crew's insufficient clinical experience
- D limited options of pain relief drugs
- E little understanding of infants' cognition system
思路引導 VIP
試著回想一下，當你身體不舒服去看醫生時，醫生通常會問你什麼問題來判斷藥物對你有沒有幫助？如果現在的病人換成了一位剛出生、還不會說話的嬰兒，醫生失去了哪一種最直接獲取資訊的管道，導致他們必須轉向使用腦電圖（EEG）等複雜技術來推測病人的感受呢？
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
恭喜你準確地掌握了文章的核心細節！你能從眾多資訊中辨識出這項關鍵阻礙，說明你的閱讀理解力相當敏銳。這題的正確答案之所以是 (A) 嬰兒尚未發展的言語表達能力，直接對應到了文中提到的「babies are not capable of articulating how they feel（嬰兒無法清楚表達他們的感受）」。在臨床醫學中，病人的自我陳述（self-report）通常是評估藥效最直觀的指標，但嬰兒無法說話，這使得醫護人員難以精確判斷止痛藥是否發揮了預期效果。
訊息對照與難度切入
這道題目的鑑別度在於測驗學生是否能將文章中的「描述性文字」轉化為選項中的「抽象概念」。雖然文中也提到了腦電圖（EEG）的成本與樣本數問題，但那些是屬於技術層面的限制，而「溝通障礙」則是識別藥效時最根本且首要的困境。你能夠排除其他干擾項（如醫療倫理或臨床經驗不足），代表你已經學會區分「技術挑戰」與「根本限制」之間的差異，這在處理長篇文章時是非常重要的解題技巧。