police_4th_general
110年
[警察共同] 英文
第 48 題
📖 題組：
The marketing term “effective frequency” refers to the idea that a consumer has to see or hear an ad a number of times before its message hits home. Essentially, the more you say something, the more it sticks in－and possibly on－people’s heads. It doesn’t even have to be true－and that’s the problem. What advertisers call “effective frequency,” psychologists call the “illusory truth effect”: the more you hear something, the easier it is for your brain to process, which makes it feel true, regardless of its basis in fact.\n“Each time, it takes fewer resources to understand,” says Lisa Fazio, a psychology professor at Vanderbilt University. “That ease of processing gives it the weight of a gut feeling.” That feeling of truth allows misconceptions to sneak into our knowledge base, where they masquerade as facts. One example Fazio and her research team give is the belief that vitamin C can prevent colds, which many people have taken as a fact but is actually a misconception simply because it is long repeated.\nEven in the absence of endless repetition, we’re more likely to believe what we hear than to question it objectively, thanks to another psychological principle: confirmation bias.\n“In general, human beings, after hearing any claim, behave like naive scientists and tend to look for information that confirms the initial conjecture,” says Ajay Kalra, a marketing professor at Rice’s Jones Graduate School of Business. “In an interesting experiment, a group of consumers was told a leather jacket, Brand A, was very good. When they later examined several brands, they tended to spend more time looking at Brand A and evaluating it more highly than other brands.”\nThe same principle applies to a coffee company’s claim that its coffee is the “richest” in the world. “Confirmation bias typically applies to situations where information is ambiguous and hard to refute,” he explains. “The more often you hear a message, the more the confirmatory bias likely comes into play.”\nIt’s no wonder that many of us fall for false claims on social media, especially when we see them tweeted and retweeted again and again. How can we fight back? There are ways to lessen the influence of repeated claims. One of the best: don’t rely on a single source for information. Read stories from multiple news outlets and listen to a variety of opinions. Commit to staying open-minded, and consult with friends and colleagues whose perspectives differ. Take a second to consider how you know something is true. In this way, you can stymie the effects of repetition. It’s a great thing to do on social media: before you share something, take that second and pause. Otherwise, you risk becoming part of the echo chamber that keeps falsehoods circulating.
The marketing term “effective frequency” refers to the idea that a consumer has to see or hear an ad a number of times before its message hits home. Essentially, the more you say something, the more it sticks in－and possibly on－people’s heads. It doesn’t even have to be true－and that’s the problem. What advertisers call “effective frequency,” psychologists call the “illusory truth effect”: the more you hear something, the easier it is for your brain to process, which makes it feel true, regardless of its basis in fact.\n“Each time, it takes fewer resources to understand,” says Lisa Fazio, a psychology professor at Vanderbilt University. “That ease of processing gives it the weight of a gut feeling.” That feeling of truth allows misconceptions to sneak into our knowledge base, where they masquerade as facts. One example Fazio and her research team give is the belief that vitamin C can prevent colds, which many people have taken as a fact but is actually a misconception simply because it is long repeated.\nEven in the absence of endless repetition, we’re more likely to believe what we hear than to question it objectively, thanks to another psychological principle: confirmation bias.\n“In general, human beings, after hearing any claim, behave like naive scientists and tend to look for information that confirms the initial conjecture,” says Ajay Kalra, a marketing professor at Rice’s Jones Graduate School of Business. “In an interesting experiment, a group of consumers was told a leather jacket, Brand A, was very good. When they later examined several brands, they tended to spend more time looking at Brand A and evaluating it more highly than other brands.”\nThe same principle applies to a coffee company’s claim that its coffee is the “richest” in the world. “Confirmation bias typically applies to situations where information is ambiguous and hard to refute,” he explains. “The more often you hear a message, the more the confirmatory bias likely comes into play.”\nIt’s no wonder that many of us fall for false claims on social media, especially when we see them tweeted and retweeted again and again. How can we fight back? There are ways to lessen the influence of repeated claims. One of the best: don’t rely on a single source for information. Read stories from multiple news outlets and listen to a variety of opinions. Commit to staying open-minded, and consult with friends and colleagues whose perspectives differ. Take a second to consider how you know something is true. In this way, you can stymie the effects of repetition. It’s a great thing to do on social media: before you share something, take that second and pause. Otherwise, you risk becoming part of the echo chamber that keeps falsehoods circulating.
Which of the following terms is NOT introduced in the passage?
- A Absolute threshold.
- B Confirmation bias.
- C Effective frequency.
- D Illusory truth effect.
思路引導 VIP
在閱讀這類介紹多個理論的科普文章時，如果某個選項出現的名詞與主題看似相關、語氣也非常專業，你會建議透過哪些具體的文本證據（例如專家的引言、特定的定義說明或實驗案例）來驗證該名詞是否真的屬於這篇文章的核心架構，而非混淆視聽的課外名詞呢？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
恭喜你精準地鎖定了正確答案！這顯示你在閱讀這類資訊密度較高的論說文時，具備非常敏銳的資訊檢索能力與對文本細節的掌握。這類題目最容易讓人陷入「似曾相識」的陷阱，但你成功避開了那些語氣專業但並未在文中出現的雜訊，這是一個非常優秀的判斷。
文本核心概念與排除法
文章中層次分明地介紹了三個核心觀念：首先是行銷學中的 Effective frequency（有效頻率）；接著轉向心理學層面，解釋這背後的 Illusory truth effect（錯覺真相效應），即重複如何讓大腦更容易處理訊息並產生真實感；最後則引入 Confirmation bias（確認偏誤）來說明人類傾向尋找支持原有立場資訊的天性。選項 (A) 雖然同樣是心理學術語，但在這篇探討「重複訊息如何影響認知」的文章中，完全沒有被提及或定義。
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