hce_nthu
111年
英文
第 45 題
📖 題組：
Reading 5 Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, and persons themselves, just and unjust. Our topic, however, is that of social justice. For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions I understand the political constitution and the principal economic and social arrangements. Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience, competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamous family are examples of major social institutions. Taken together as one scheme, the major institutions define men’s rights and duties and influence their life prospects, what they can expect to be and how well they can hope to do. The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start. The intuitive notion here is that this structure contains various social positions and that men born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part, by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances. In this way the institutions of society favor certain staring places over others. These are especially deep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men’s initial chances in life; yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert. It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply. These principles, then, regulate the choice of a political constitution and the main elements of the economic and social system. The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on how fundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society.
Reading 5 Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, and persons themselves, just and unjust. Our topic, however, is that of social justice. For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions I understand the political constitution and the principal economic and social arrangements. Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience, competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamous family are examples of major social institutions. Taken together as one scheme, the major institutions define men’s rights and duties and influence their life prospects, what they can expect to be and how well they can hope to do. The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start. The intuitive notion here is that this structure contains various social positions and that men born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part, by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances. In this way the institutions of society favor certain staring places over others. These are especially deep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men’s initial chances in life; yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert. It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply. These principles, then, regulate the choice of a political constitution and the main elements of the economic and social system. The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on how fundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society.
Based upon the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?
I. When addressing social justice, it is imperative to consider whether the attitudes and positions of persons, and persons themselves, are just or unjust.
II. Particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations, are not the primary subject of justice.
III. How fundamental duties and rights are assigned are important for the achievement of social justice.
I. When addressing social justice, it is imperative to consider whether the attitudes and positions of persons, and persons themselves, are just or unjust.
II. Particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations, are not the primary subject of justice.
III. How fundamental duties and rights are assigned are important for the achievement of social justice.
- A I, II, and III
- B I and II only
- C II and III only
- D I and III only
- E III only
思路引導 VIP
請你觀察文章中出現 "however" 以及 "the primary subject" 這些詞彙的段落。當作者先列舉了許多事物（如個人態度、特定行為），接著卻說「然而，我們的主題是社會正義」時，這代表他對於接下來的討論範圍做了什麼樣的限縮？這對於我們判斷哪些要素是「核心」或是「次要」的有什麼啟示呢？
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了！你能精準地從這段層次分明的論述中，辨識出作者對於「社會正義」核心定義的界定，這顯示你具備非常優秀的閱讀理解與邏輯歸納能力。這道題目測試的是我們能否區分作者「提及的現象」與他「正式確立的討論主體」。
社會正義的主體與範疇
在文章開頭，作者雖然承認「法律、行為、個人態度」都可以被稱為正義或不正義，但隨即使用了一個關鍵的轉折詞 "however"，將討論焦點限縮在「社會正義（social justice）」。他明確指出，正義的首要主題（primary subject）是「社會的基本結構」。因此，論點 II 指出「特定行為（particular actions）並非正義的首要主題」是完全符合文意的。相對地，論點 I 雖然提到個人態度，但作者的主張其實是要我們暫時跳脫個人的特質，轉而關注結構性的不平等，所以論點 I 說這是「必須考慮的（imperative）」反而誤解了作者想要區隔討論範疇的意圖。
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