hce_nthu
111年
英文
第 49 題
📖 題組：
Reading 5 Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, and persons themselves, just and unjust. Our topic, however, is that of social justice. For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions I understand the political constitution and the principal economic and social arrangements. Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience, competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamous family are examples of major social institutions. Taken together as one scheme, the major institutions define men’s rights and duties and influence their life prospects, what they can expect to be and how well they can hope to do. The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start. The intuitive notion here is that this structure contains various social positions and that men born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part, by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances. In this way the institutions of society favor certain staring places over others. These are especially deep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men’s initial chances in life; yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert. It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply. These principles, then, regulate the choice of a political constitution and the main elements of the economic and social system. The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on how fundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society.
Reading 5 Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, and persons themselves, just and unjust. Our topic, however, is that of social justice. For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions I understand the political constitution and the principal economic and social arrangements. Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience, competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamous family are examples of major social institutions. Taken together as one scheme, the major institutions define men’s rights and duties and influence their life prospects, what they can expect to be and how well they can hope to do. The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start. The intuitive notion here is that this structure contains various social positions and that men born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part, by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances. In this way the institutions of society favor certain staring places over others. These are especially deep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men’s initial chances in life; yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert. It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply. These principles, then, regulate the choice of a political constitution and the main elements of the economic and social system. The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on how fundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society.
Based upon the passage, it is most likely the author would agree with which of the following statements?
I. Inequalities produced by major social institutions are probably unavoidable.
II. The political system has profound effects on a person’s chances in life from the very beginning.
III. The principles of social justice must apply to the inequalities in the basic structure of society in the first instance.
I. Inequalities produced by major social institutions are probably unavoidable.
II. The political system has profound effects on a person’s chances in life from the very beginning.
III. The principles of social justice must apply to the inequalities in the basic structure of society in the first instance.
- A I only
- B II only
- C III only
- D II and III only
- E I, II and III
思路引導 VIP
請試著思考：既然每個人出生的社會起點並非自己能選擇的，且這些背景會持續影響其一生，那麼一個社會的「基本制度」最首要應該介入或規範什麼樣的社會現狀？
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了！你能準確解析這段內容深奧的學術文本，並判斷出三個論點皆完全符合作者的原意，這展現了你極佳的邏輯整合與長難句閱讀能力。
社會基本結構與不平等的必然性
這道題目的核心在於理解作者對「社會正義」的定義。文中明確提到，社會基本結構所產生的不平等是必然存在（inevitable）的，且這些影響從人生起始階段（from the start/initial chances）就開始發生作用，深受政治體制與社會經濟環境的制約。因此，社會正義原則的首要任務，正是要規範並處理這些深刻影響個人生命前景的不平等現象。這三個選項分別對應了文中「不可避免性」、「影響深遠性」以及「正義原則的首要應用對象」三個層次。
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