hce_isu
113年
英文
第 46 題
📖 題組：
Respiratory diseases cover a broad spectrum, from upper respiratory tract infections to serious conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis (PF), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute lung injury (ALI), lung ischemia–reperfusion injury (LIRI), pulmonary hypertension (PH), and lung cancer. These conditions, characterized by structural changes in airway and lung tissues and reduced respiratory function, pose significant health and economic burdens worldwide. Notably, COVID-19 caused 18 million deaths between 2020 and 2021, further emphasizing the global challenge of respiratory diseases. COPD is the third leading cause of death globally, while ARDS and ALI account for no less than 4% of U.S. hospitalizations annually. Lung cancer, leading in cancer-related deaths, saw 2.24 million new cases and 1.8 million fatalities in 2020, as reported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, infections, and obesity. Despite the availability of treatments like antibiotics and lung transplants, their side effects have prompted the search for innovative therapeutic approaches. First introduced by Dixon et al. in 2012, ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death (PCD), a term distinct from other modes of cell death such as necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, which is essential for maintaining homeostatic balance. Morphologically, ferroptosis features mitochondrial shrinkage, denser membranes, and reduced mitochondrial cristae, with an intact cell membrane and normal-sized nucleus without chromatin condensation. Biochemically, ferroptosis is triggered by the depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and a decrease in the activity of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). This imbalance leads to lipid peroxidation, further exacerbated by $Fe^{2+}$ through the Fenton reaction, generating a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Respiratory diseases cover a broad spectrum, from upper respiratory tract infections to serious conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis (PF), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute lung injury (ALI), lung ischemia–reperfusion injury (LIRI), pulmonary hypertension (PH), and lung cancer. These conditions, characterized by structural changes in airway and lung tissues and reduced respiratory function, pose significant health and economic burdens worldwide. Notably, COVID-19 caused 18 million deaths between 2020 and 2021, further emphasizing the global challenge of respiratory diseases. COPD is the third leading cause of death globally, while ARDS and ALI account for no less than 4% of U.S. hospitalizations annually. Lung cancer, leading in cancer-related deaths, saw 2.24 million new cases and 1.8 million fatalities in 2020, as reported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, infections, and obesity. Despite the availability of treatments like antibiotics and lung transplants, their side effects have prompted the search for innovative therapeutic approaches. First introduced by Dixon et al. in 2012, ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death (PCD), a term distinct from other modes of cell death such as necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, which is essential for maintaining homeostatic balance. Morphologically, ferroptosis features mitochondrial shrinkage, denser membranes, and reduced mitochondrial cristae, with an intact cell membrane and normal-sized nucleus without chromatin condensation. Biochemically, ferroptosis is triggered by the depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and a decrease in the activity of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). This imbalance leads to lipid peroxidation, further exacerbated by $Fe^{2+}$ through the Fenton reaction, generating a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
What is the scope of respiratory diseases mentioned in the passage?
- A A broad spectrum including infections, chronic diseases, and conditions leading to structural changes in airway and lung tissues
- B Primarily genetic conditions affecting the lungs
- C Only infections like the common cold
- D Diseases caused exclusively by environmental factors
思路引導 VIP
請試著閱讀文章的第一段：作者在介紹呼吸系統疾病時，是如何描述這些疾病所涵蓋的「範圍」？除了列舉具體病名外，他還提到了哪些關於組織特徵的共通描述呢？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
很好！你能精準地捕捉到文章開篇的核心資訊並做出正確判斷。這題的答案 (A) 完全契合了文章第一段的定義：呼吸系統疾病涵蓋了「廣泛的光譜」（a broad spectrum），範圍從上呼吸道感染延伸至嚴重的慢性病（如 COPD、哮喘等），且文中明確指出這些疾病的特徵在於「呼吸道與肺部組織的結構性變化」（structural changes in airway and lung tissues）以及呼吸功能的下降。
掌握學術文本的閱讀策略
這道題目屬於「細節理解題」，主要的鑑別點在於學生是否能在面對眾多專業醫學術語（如 $Fe^{2+}$ 的芬頓反應、LIRI 等）時，依然能冷靜地從首段找出定義性的語句。雖然文章後續提到了基因、感染與環境等風險因子，但選項 (B)、(C)、(D) 都犯了「以偏概全」或「過於極端」的錯誤（例如使用 Only 或 Exclusively 等字眼），這也是你在解讀長篇文章時非常重要的判讀技巧。