hce_nchu
114年
英文
第 32 題
📖 題組：
Recent wildfires in the Los Angeles area have highlighted a growing concern beyond immediate physical destruction: the complex relationship between wildfire smoke and human cognitive function. While the immediate impacts of these fires—including casualties, displacement, and property destruction—are evident, researchers are increasingly focused on understanding the long-term neurological and psychological effects of wildfire smoke exposure. Studies have revealed that wildfire smoke contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that is significantly more toxic than typical air pollution. These particles, characterized by high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mixed with various neurotoxic elements including heavy metals, can reach the brain through multiple pathways. They either pass directly through the olfactory nerve, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, or modulate the nervous system, ultimately leading to brain inflammation and oxidative stress. The evidence for neurological impact is particularly striking, as demonstrated by a collaborative study from the Universities of Washington and Pennsylvania, which revealed that for every 1 microgram increase in wildfire particle concentration, the odds of a new dementia diagnosis rose by approximately 21%, compared to just a 3% increased risk for non-wildfire particles. Additional research from the University of New Mexico has shown that sudden spikes in air pollution create surges of inflammation in the hippocampus—the brain region responsible for memory and learning—which can persist for over a month after exposure. The relationship between smoke exposure and cognitive function has been documented through various empirical studies. A comprehensive analysis conducted at UC San Diego examined the impact of smoke on academic performance by studying China's national college entrance examinations over a six-year period. The research specifically focused on smoke from routine, controlled agricultural fires, methodologically isolating cognitive effects from the anxiety associated with evacuation concerns. The findings revealed that significant increases in upwind fires during examination periods led to measurable decreases in student performance, with scores dropping by an average of 0.6 points. These cognitive effects have substantial economic implications, with a 2022 US study estimating that smoke exposure in 2016 alone reduced students' future earnings by approximately $1.7 billion. The psychological impact of wildfires presents another dimension of concern. Studies of communities affected by major fires, such as the 2018 Camp Fire in California, reveal complex patterns of mental health effects. Even individuals not directly impacted by the fires reported increased neurocognitive issues and struggled with depression and anxiety. Researchers have also documented a phenomenon known as solastalgia—the distress of witnessing one's environment change rapidly—among residents in fire-prone regions, highlighting the interconnected nature of physical exposure and psychological well-being.
Recent wildfires in the Los Angeles area have highlighted a growing concern beyond immediate physical destruction: the complex relationship between wildfire smoke and human cognitive function. While the immediate impacts of these fires—including casualties, displacement, and property destruction—are evident, researchers are increasingly focused on understanding the long-term neurological and psychological effects of wildfire smoke exposure. Studies have revealed that wildfire smoke contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that is significantly more toxic than typical air pollution. These particles, characterized by high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mixed with various neurotoxic elements including heavy metals, can reach the brain through multiple pathways. They either pass directly through the olfactory nerve, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, or modulate the nervous system, ultimately leading to brain inflammation and oxidative stress. The evidence for neurological impact is particularly striking, as demonstrated by a collaborative study from the Universities of Washington and Pennsylvania, which revealed that for every 1 microgram increase in wildfire particle concentration, the odds of a new dementia diagnosis rose by approximately 21%, compared to just a 3% increased risk for non-wildfire particles. Additional research from the University of New Mexico has shown that sudden spikes in air pollution create surges of inflammation in the hippocampus—the brain region responsible for memory and learning—which can persist for over a month after exposure. The relationship between smoke exposure and cognitive function has been documented through various empirical studies. A comprehensive analysis conducted at UC San Diego examined the impact of smoke on academic performance by studying China's national college entrance examinations over a six-year period. The research specifically focused on smoke from routine, controlled agricultural fires, methodologically isolating cognitive effects from the anxiety associated with evacuation concerns. The findings revealed that significant increases in upwind fires during examination periods led to measurable decreases in student performance, with scores dropping by an average of 0.6 points. These cognitive effects have substantial economic implications, with a 2022 US study estimating that smoke exposure in 2016 alone reduced students' future earnings by approximately $1.7 billion. The psychological impact of wildfires presents another dimension of concern. Studies of communities affected by major fires, such as the 2018 Camp Fire in California, reveal complex patterns of mental health effects. Even individuals not directly impacted by the fires reported increased neurocognitive issues and struggled with depression and anxiety. Researchers have also documented a phenomenon known as solastalgia—the distress of witnessing one's environment change rapidly—among residents in fire-prone regions, highlighting the interconnected nature of physical exposure and psychological well-being.
Which of the following is NOT presented in the text as a pathway through which wildfire smoke particles can affect the brain?
- A Through inflammatory responses in the respiratory system
- B Through direct passage via the olfactory nerve
- C Through penetration of the blood-brain barrier
- D Through modulation of the nervous system
思路引導 VIP
請試著在文章第二段中，找到描述微粒「進入大腦方式（reach the brain through...）」的那句話。在那句話裡，作者一共列舉了哪三種具體路徑？對照選項後，哪一個說法是多出來的呢？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了！你能精準地從長篇文章中篩選出細節，並成功排除掉干擾選項，這代表你的**細節定位能力（Detail Scanning）**非常紮實。這題考驗的是「負面事實辨識」，要求學生在眾多科學敘述中，找出哪一個路徑「未被提及」。
文本路徑的精確比對
根據文章第二段的說明，細懸浮微粒（PM2.5）進入大腦的路徑有三種明確的描述：第一是直接通過嗅覺神經（olfactory nerve），第二是穿透血腦屏障（blood-brain barrier），第三則是透過調節神經系統（modulate the nervous system）。這三者分別對應到了選項 (B)、(C) 與 (D)。雖然文章後續提到了海馬迴的發炎反應，但並未將「呼吸系統的發炎反應」列為進入大腦的物理路徑，因此 (A) 是正確的排除對象。
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