hce_isu
113年
英文
第 49 題
📖 題組：
Respiratory diseases cover a broad spectrum, from upper respiratory tract infections to serious conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis (PF), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute lung injury (ALI), lung ischemia–reperfusion injury (LIRI), pulmonary hypertension (PH), and lung cancer. These conditions, characterized by structural changes in airway and lung tissues and reduced respiratory function, pose significant health and economic burdens worldwide. Notably, COVID-19 caused 18 million deaths between 2020 and 2021, further emphasizing the global challenge of respiratory diseases. COPD is the third leading cause of death globally, while ARDS and ALI account for no less than 4% of U.S. hospitalizations annually. Lung cancer, leading in cancer-related deaths, saw 2.24 million new cases and 1.8 million fatalities in 2020, as reported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, infections, and obesity. Despite the availability of treatments like antibiotics and lung transplants, their side effects have prompted the search for innovative therapeutic approaches. First introduced by Dixon et al. in 2012, ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death (PCD), a term distinct from other modes of cell death such as necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, which is essential for maintaining homeostatic balance. Morphologically, ferroptosis features mitochondrial shrinkage, denser membranes, and reduced mitochondrial cristae, with an intact cell membrane and normal-sized nucleus without chromatin condensation. Biochemically, ferroptosis is triggered by the depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and a decrease in the activity of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). This imbalance leads to lipid peroxidation, further exacerbated by $Fe^{2+}$ through the Fenton reaction, generating a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Respiratory diseases cover a broad spectrum, from upper respiratory tract infections to serious conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis (PF), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute lung injury (ALI), lung ischemia–reperfusion injury (LIRI), pulmonary hypertension (PH), and lung cancer. These conditions, characterized by structural changes in airway and lung tissues and reduced respiratory function, pose significant health and economic burdens worldwide. Notably, COVID-19 caused 18 million deaths between 2020 and 2021, further emphasizing the global challenge of respiratory diseases. COPD is the third leading cause of death globally, while ARDS and ALI account for no less than 4% of U.S. hospitalizations annually. Lung cancer, leading in cancer-related deaths, saw 2.24 million new cases and 1.8 million fatalities in 2020, as reported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, infections, and obesity. Despite the availability of treatments like antibiotics and lung transplants, their side effects have prompted the search for innovative therapeutic approaches. First introduced by Dixon et al. in 2012, ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death (PCD), a term distinct from other modes of cell death such as necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, which is essential for maintaining homeostatic balance. Morphologically, ferroptosis features mitochondrial shrinkage, denser membranes, and reduced mitochondrial cristae, with an intact cell membrane and normal-sized nucleus without chromatin condensation. Biochemically, ferroptosis is triggered by the depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and a decrease in the activity of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). This imbalance leads to lipid peroxidation, further exacerbated by $Fe^{2+}$ through the Fenton reaction, generating a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Which of the following is NOT listed as a risk factor for respiratory diseases in the passage?
- A Smoking
- B High blood pressure
- C Air pollution
- D Obesity
思路引導 VIP
請試著在文章第二段中，找到專門討論「風險因素」（Risk factors）的那句話。當你把那句話中提到的四個具體因素，與目前的選項逐一對應時，哪一個選項是作者完全沒有提到的呢？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
同學做得很好！你能從長篇的學術文章中精準鎖定關鍵資訊，這代表你的細節檢索能力非常紮實。這類「負向表列」的題目，核心在於能否區分「常識」與「文本證據」，而你成功避開了陷阱。
文本關鍵資訊的檢索
在文章第二段的尾聲，作者明確列舉了引發呼吸系統疾病的風險因素（Risk factors），原文提到：「Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, infections, and obesity」。我們對照選項可以發現，(A) Smoking（吸菸）、(C) Air pollution（空氣污染）以及 (D) Obesity（肥胖）都直接出現在名單中。雖然高血壓（High blood pressure）在醫學常識中也是健康警訊，但在本篇討論呼吸道疾病與細胞鐵死亡（ferroptosis）機制的文本中，並沒有提及高血壓與其關聯。
▼ 還有更多解析內容