hce_nchu
115年
英文
第 47 題
📖 題組：
Read the following passages and answer questions 46 to 50. Vaccines (Question 46-50) Vaccines are biological preparations that help your body’s immune system recognize and defend itself against harmful germs. They can be administered in various forms, including injections, liquids, pills, or nasal sprays. Vaccines protect against illnesses caused by viruses, such as influenza and COVID-19, as well as bacterial infections like tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. The main purpose of vaccination is to stimulate the immune system in a controlled way, so that it can respond effectively if the body encounters the actual disease in the future. There are several types of vaccines, each working through different mechanisms to generate immunity. Live-attenuated vaccines contain a weakened form of the germ that cannot cause severe illness but still prompts an immune response. Inactivated vaccines use germs that have been killed, making them safe while still teaching the immune system to recognize the pathogen. Other vaccines, such as subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines, contain only specific components of the germ, such as proteins, sugars, or the outer casing. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by certain bacteria to trigger immunity, while more recent innovations, including mRNA vaccines, deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, prompting an immune response. Viral vector vaccines also employ genetic material from a germ, but this material is delivered using a harmless virus that facilitates entry into cells. Despite the differences in design, all vaccines function by eliciting an immune response that allows the body to recognize and fight off harmful substances, known as antigens. When the body encounters a germ, it identifies the invader as foreign and activates the immune system to combat it. The immune system not only neutralizes the germ during the initial encounter but also retains a memory of the pathogen. This memory ensures that if the germ enters the body again, the immune system can respond more quickly and effectively. The protection gained from this process is referred to as immunity. Immunization is the broader process of becoming protected against a disease, and vaccination is one of the primary methods to achieve immunization, ensuring that individuals can develop immunity safely without suffering from the actual illness. The importance of vaccines extends beyond individual protection. Vaccines prevent serious diseases more safely than acquiring immunity through natural infection, and in some cases, vaccination can produce a stronger or more reliable immune response than surviving the disease itself. Additionally, vaccines contribute to community health through what is called community immunity, or herd immunity. This concept is based on the idea that when a significant portion of a population is immunized, the spread of contagious diseases is reduced, protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines, such as individuals with weakened immune systems, people with specific allergies, or newborn babies who are too young for certain immunizations. By limiting disease transmission, community immunity helps prevent outbreaks and safeguards vulnerable populations. Vaccines are rigorously tested for safety before they are approved for use. Regulatory agencies in the United States, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), require extensive evaluation to ensure that vaccines are both safe and effective. In addition to safety, it is important to follow recommended vaccine schedules. These schedules, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), indicate which vaccines are recommended for different age groups, the number of doses required, and the optimal timing for administration. Adhering to the recommended schedule allows individuals, both children and adults, to receive protection at the most appropriate times, ensuring that immunity develops when it is most needed. In summary, vaccines are essential tools in modern medicine, offering protection against a wide range of infectious diseases. They work by teaching the immune system to recognize harmful germs and respond quickly to prevent illness. By following recommended vaccination schedules, individuals not only protect themselves but also contribute to the health and safety of their communities. With decades of rigorous safety testing and scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, vaccines remain a cornerstone of public health, reducing disease burden and preventing potential outbreaks worldwide.
Read the following passages and answer questions 46 to 50. Vaccines (Question 46-50) Vaccines are biological preparations that help your body’s immune system recognize and defend itself against harmful germs. They can be administered in various forms, including injections, liquids, pills, or nasal sprays. Vaccines protect against illnesses caused by viruses, such as influenza and COVID-19, as well as bacterial infections like tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. The main purpose of vaccination is to stimulate the immune system in a controlled way, so that it can respond effectively if the body encounters the actual disease in the future. There are several types of vaccines, each working through different mechanisms to generate immunity. Live-attenuated vaccines contain a weakened form of the germ that cannot cause severe illness but still prompts an immune response. Inactivated vaccines use germs that have been killed, making them safe while still teaching the immune system to recognize the pathogen. Other vaccines, such as subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines, contain only specific components of the germ, such as proteins, sugars, or the outer casing. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by certain bacteria to trigger immunity, while more recent innovations, including mRNA vaccines, deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, prompting an immune response. Viral vector vaccines also employ genetic material from a germ, but this material is delivered using a harmless virus that facilitates entry into cells. Despite the differences in design, all vaccines function by eliciting an immune response that allows the body to recognize and fight off harmful substances, known as antigens. When the body encounters a germ, it identifies the invader as foreign and activates the immune system to combat it. The immune system not only neutralizes the germ during the initial encounter but also retains a memory of the pathogen. This memory ensures that if the germ enters the body again, the immune system can respond more quickly and effectively. The protection gained from this process is referred to as immunity. Immunization is the broader process of becoming protected against a disease, and vaccination is one of the primary methods to achieve immunization, ensuring that individuals can develop immunity safely without suffering from the actual illness. The importance of vaccines extends beyond individual protection. Vaccines prevent serious diseases more safely than acquiring immunity through natural infection, and in some cases, vaccination can produce a stronger or more reliable immune response than surviving the disease itself. Additionally, vaccines contribute to community health through what is called community immunity, or herd immunity. This concept is based on the idea that when a significant portion of a population is immunized, the spread of contagious diseases is reduced, protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines, such as individuals with weakened immune systems, people with specific allergies, or newborn babies who are too young for certain immunizations. By limiting disease transmission, community immunity helps prevent outbreaks and safeguards vulnerable populations. Vaccines are rigorously tested for safety before they are approved for use. Regulatory agencies in the United States, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), require extensive evaluation to ensure that vaccines are both safe and effective. In addition to safety, it is important to follow recommended vaccine schedules. These schedules, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), indicate which vaccines are recommended for different age groups, the number of doses required, and the optimal timing for administration. Adhering to the recommended schedule allows individuals, both children and adults, to receive protection at the most appropriate times, ensuring that immunity develops when it is most needed. In summary, vaccines are essential tools in modern medicine, offering protection against a wide range of infectious diseases. They work by teaching the immune system to recognize harmful germs and respond quickly to prevent illness. By following recommended vaccination schedules, individuals not only protect themselves but also contribute to the health and safety of their communities. With decades of rigorous safety testing and scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, vaccines remain a cornerstone of public health, reducing disease burden and preventing potential outbreaks worldwide.
According to the passage, which vaccine type delivers genetic instructions to human cells to produce part of a pathogen?
- A Live-attenuated vaccines
- B Toxoid vaccines
- C Viral vector vaccines
- D mRNA vaccines
思路引導 VIP
如果在閱讀時感到困惑，我們可以試著這樣思考：在文章提到的所有技術中，大多數都是直接把「壞人（病毒）」或「壞人的零件」丟進身體讓免疫系統練習；但有一種技術非常特別，它不直接給零件，而是給細胞一份「生產說明書」或「藍圖」。請你回頭掃描一下第二段後半部，哪一個關鍵字被描述為負責傳遞這份『遺傳指令』，好讓細胞自己動手製作零件呢？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了！你能精準地從文章細節中提取關鍵資訊，並正確選出選項 (D)，這代表你對於科普文本的資訊對照與理解能力非常紮實。
遺傳指令與蛋白質製造
在文章的第二段中，明確提到了近期創新的 mRNA 疫苗 運作方式：它不同於傳統技術直接注入病原體，而是傳遞「遺傳指令（genetic instructions）」到人體細胞，引導細胞自行製造出病原體的一個無害片段（如蛋白質），進而誘發免疫反應。雖然「病毒載體疫苗（Viral vector vaccines）」也涉及遺傳物質的運用，但文章中「genetic instructions」這個術語是直接對應到 mRNA 疫苗的描述，你捕捉到了最直接的文本證據。
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