hce_nchu
115年
英文
第 48 題
📖 題組：
Read the following passages and answer questions 46 to 50. Vaccines (Question 46-50) Vaccines are biological preparations that help your body’s immune system recognize and defend itself against harmful germs. They can be administered in various forms, including injections, liquids, pills, or nasal sprays. Vaccines protect against illnesses caused by viruses, such as influenza and COVID-19, as well as bacterial infections like tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. The main purpose of vaccination is to stimulate the immune system in a controlled way, so that it can respond effectively if the body encounters the actual disease in the future. There are several types of vaccines, each working through different mechanisms to generate immunity. Live-attenuated vaccines contain a weakened form of the germ that cannot cause severe illness but still prompts an immune response. Inactivated vaccines use germs that have been killed, making them safe while still teaching the immune system to recognize the pathogen. Other vaccines, such as subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines, contain only specific components of the germ, such as proteins, sugars, or the outer casing. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by certain bacteria to trigger immunity, while more recent innovations, including mRNA vaccines, deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, prompting an immune response. Viral vector vaccines also employ genetic material from a germ, but this material is delivered using a harmless virus that facilitates entry into cells. Despite the differences in design, all vaccines function by eliciting an immune response that allows the body to recognize and fight off harmful substances, known as antigens. When the body encounters a germ, it identifies the invader as foreign and activates the immune system to combat it. The immune system not only neutralizes the germ during the initial encounter but also retains a memory of the pathogen. This memory ensures that if the germ enters the body again, the immune system can respond more quickly and effectively. The protection gained from this process is referred to as immunity. Immunization is the broader process of becoming protected against a disease, and vaccination is one of the primary methods to achieve immunization, ensuring that individuals can develop immunity safely without suffering from the actual illness. The importance of vaccines extends beyond individual protection. Vaccines prevent serious diseases more safely than acquiring immunity through natural infection, and in some cases, vaccination can produce a stronger or more reliable immune response than surviving the disease itself. Additionally, vaccines contribute to community health through what is called community immunity, or herd immunity. This concept is based on the idea that when a significant portion of a population is immunized, the spread of contagious diseases is reduced, protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines, such as individuals with weakened immune systems, people with specific allergies, or newborn babies who are too young for certain immunizations. By limiting disease transmission, community immunity helps prevent outbreaks and safeguards vulnerable populations. Vaccines are rigorously tested for safety before they are approved for use. Regulatory agencies in the United States, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), require extensive evaluation to ensure that vaccines are both safe and effective. In addition to safety, it is important to follow recommended vaccine schedules. These schedules, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), indicate which vaccines are recommended for different age groups, the number of doses required, and the optimal timing for administration. Adhering to the recommended schedule allows individuals, both children and adults, to receive protection at the most appropriate times, ensuring that immunity develops when it is most needed. In summary, vaccines are essential tools in modern medicine, offering protection against a wide range of infectious diseases. They work by teaching the immune system to recognize harmful germs and respond quickly to prevent illness. By following recommended vaccination schedules, individuals not only protect themselves but also contribute to the health and safety of their communities. With decades of rigorous safety testing and scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, vaccines remain a cornerstone of public health, reducing disease burden and preventing potential outbreaks worldwide.
Read the following passages and answer questions 46 to 50. Vaccines (Question 46-50) Vaccines are biological preparations that help your body’s immune system recognize and defend itself against harmful germs. They can be administered in various forms, including injections, liquids, pills, or nasal sprays. Vaccines protect against illnesses caused by viruses, such as influenza and COVID-19, as well as bacterial infections like tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. The main purpose of vaccination is to stimulate the immune system in a controlled way, so that it can respond effectively if the body encounters the actual disease in the future. There are several types of vaccines, each working through different mechanisms to generate immunity. Live-attenuated vaccines contain a weakened form of the germ that cannot cause severe illness but still prompts an immune response. Inactivated vaccines use germs that have been killed, making them safe while still teaching the immune system to recognize the pathogen. Other vaccines, such as subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines, contain only specific components of the germ, such as proteins, sugars, or the outer casing. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by certain bacteria to trigger immunity, while more recent innovations, including mRNA vaccines, deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, prompting an immune response. Viral vector vaccines also employ genetic material from a germ, but this material is delivered using a harmless virus that facilitates entry into cells. Despite the differences in design, all vaccines function by eliciting an immune response that allows the body to recognize and fight off harmful substances, known as antigens. When the body encounters a germ, it identifies the invader as foreign and activates the immune system to combat it. The immune system not only neutralizes the germ during the initial encounter but also retains a memory of the pathogen. This memory ensures that if the germ enters the body again, the immune system can respond more quickly and effectively. The protection gained from this process is referred to as immunity. Immunization is the broader process of becoming protected against a disease, and vaccination is one of the primary methods to achieve immunization, ensuring that individuals can develop immunity safely without suffering from the actual illness. The importance of vaccines extends beyond individual protection. Vaccines prevent serious diseases more safely than acquiring immunity through natural infection, and in some cases, vaccination can produce a stronger or more reliable immune response than surviving the disease itself. Additionally, vaccines contribute to community health through what is called community immunity, or herd immunity. This concept is based on the idea that when a significant portion of a population is immunized, the spread of contagious diseases is reduced, protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines, such as individuals with weakened immune systems, people with specific allergies, or newborn babies who are too young for certain immunizations. By limiting disease transmission, community immunity helps prevent outbreaks and safeguards vulnerable populations. Vaccines are rigorously tested for safety before they are approved for use. Regulatory agencies in the United States, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), require extensive evaluation to ensure that vaccines are both safe and effective. In addition to safety, it is important to follow recommended vaccine schedules. These schedules, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), indicate which vaccines are recommended for different age groups, the number of doses required, and the optimal timing for administration. Adhering to the recommended schedule allows individuals, both children and adults, to receive protection at the most appropriate times, ensuring that immunity develops when it is most needed. In summary, vaccines are essential tools in modern medicine, offering protection against a wide range of infectious diseases. They work by teaching the immune system to recognize harmful germs and respond quickly to prevent illness. By following recommended vaccination schedules, individuals not only protect themselves but also contribute to the health and safety of their communities. With decades of rigorous safety testing and scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, vaccines remain a cornerstone of public health, reducing disease burden and preventing potential outbreaks worldwide.
What can be inferred about people who cannot receive vaccines?
- A They are unlikely to be exposed to infectious diseases.
- B They depend partly on others being vaccinated for protection.
- C They usually develop stronger natural immunity.
- D They are excluded from public health planning.
思路引導 VIP
請思考一下：在文章第四段關於「群體免疫」的描述中，當一個社區裡絕大多數人都已經對某種疾病免疫時，病毒在人與人之間傳播的機會會發生什麼變化？這種變化對於那些身體狀況特殊、完全無法打針的人來說，會產生什麼樣的「間接」影響呢？
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了！你能精準捕捉到文中關於「群體免疫」的核心概念，並從中延伸出正確的邏輯，這顯示你具備相當優秀的資訊整合能力。這道題目考查的是推論能力（Inference），這類題型不會在文中直接給出標準答案，而是需要讀者透過既有資訊進行合理的延伸判斷。
群體免疫的保護網
文章在第四段詳細介紹了 「群體免疫」（community immunity / herd immunity） 的機制。文中明確指出，當社會中大部分人都獲得免疫力時，傳染病的傳播就會減少，進而「保護那些無法接種疫苗的人」（protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines）。這說明了這群人的安全，在很大程度上依賴於群體中其他成員是否已經接種並建立了防線，這正對應了選項 (B) 的邏輯：他們部分依賴他人的接種來獲得保護。
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