hce_nchu
115年
英文
第 50 題
📖 題組：
Read the following passages and answer questions 46 to 50. Vaccines (Question 46-50) Vaccines are biological preparations that help your body’s immune system recognize and defend itself against harmful germs. They can be administered in various forms, including injections, liquids, pills, or nasal sprays. Vaccines protect against illnesses caused by viruses, such as influenza and COVID-19, as well as bacterial infections like tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. The main purpose of vaccination is to stimulate the immune system in a controlled way, so that it can respond effectively if the body encounters the actual disease in the future. There are several types of vaccines, each working through different mechanisms to generate immunity. Live-attenuated vaccines contain a weakened form of the germ that cannot cause severe illness but still prompts an immune response. Inactivated vaccines use germs that have been killed, making them safe while still teaching the immune system to recognize the pathogen. Other vaccines, such as subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines, contain only specific components of the germ, such as proteins, sugars, or the outer casing. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by certain bacteria to trigger immunity, while more recent innovations, including mRNA vaccines, deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, prompting an immune response. Viral vector vaccines also employ genetic material from a germ, but this material is delivered using a harmless virus that facilitates entry into cells. Despite the differences in design, all vaccines function by eliciting an immune response that allows the body to recognize and fight off harmful substances, known as antigens. When the body encounters a germ, it identifies the invader as foreign and activates the immune system to combat it. The immune system not only neutralizes the germ during the initial encounter but also retains a memory of the pathogen. This memory ensures that if the germ enters the body again, the immune system can respond more quickly and effectively. The protection gained from this process is referred to as immunity. Immunization is the broader process of becoming protected against a disease, and vaccination is one of the primary methods to achieve immunization, ensuring that individuals can develop immunity safely without suffering from the actual illness. The importance of vaccines extends beyond individual protection. Vaccines prevent serious diseases more safely than acquiring immunity through natural infection, and in some cases, vaccination can produce a stronger or more reliable immune response than surviving the disease itself. Additionally, vaccines contribute to community health through what is called community immunity, or herd immunity. This concept is based on the idea that when a significant portion of a population is immunized, the spread of contagious diseases is reduced, protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines, such as individuals with weakened immune systems, people with specific allergies, or newborn babies who are too young for certain immunizations. By limiting disease transmission, community immunity helps prevent outbreaks and safeguards vulnerable populations. Vaccines are rigorously tested for safety before they are approved for use. Regulatory agencies in the United States, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), require extensive evaluation to ensure that vaccines are both safe and effective. In addition to safety, it is important to follow recommended vaccine schedules. These schedules, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), indicate which vaccines are recommended for different age groups, the number of doses required, and the optimal timing for administration. Adhering to the recommended schedule allows individuals, both children and adults, to receive protection at the most appropriate times, ensuring that immunity develops when it is most needed. In summary, vaccines are essential tools in modern medicine, offering protection against a wide range of infectious diseases. They work by teaching the immune system to recognize harmful germs and respond quickly to prevent illness. By following recommended vaccination schedules, individuals not only protect themselves but also contribute to the health and safety of their communities. With decades of rigorous safety testing and scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, vaccines remain a cornerstone of public health, reducing disease burden and preventing potential outbreaks worldwide.
Read the following passages and answer questions 46 to 50. Vaccines (Question 46-50) Vaccines are biological preparations that help your body’s immune system recognize and defend itself against harmful germs. They can be administered in various forms, including injections, liquids, pills, or nasal sprays. Vaccines protect against illnesses caused by viruses, such as influenza and COVID-19, as well as bacterial infections like tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. The main purpose of vaccination is to stimulate the immune system in a controlled way, so that it can respond effectively if the body encounters the actual disease in the future. There are several types of vaccines, each working through different mechanisms to generate immunity. Live-attenuated vaccines contain a weakened form of the germ that cannot cause severe illness but still prompts an immune response. Inactivated vaccines use germs that have been killed, making them safe while still teaching the immune system to recognize the pathogen. Other vaccines, such as subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines, contain only specific components of the germ, such as proteins, sugars, or the outer casing. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by certain bacteria to trigger immunity, while more recent innovations, including mRNA vaccines, deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, prompting an immune response. Viral vector vaccines also employ genetic material from a germ, but this material is delivered using a harmless virus that facilitates entry into cells. Despite the differences in design, all vaccines function by eliciting an immune response that allows the body to recognize and fight off harmful substances, known as antigens. When the body encounters a germ, it identifies the invader as foreign and activates the immune system to combat it. The immune system not only neutralizes the germ during the initial encounter but also retains a memory of the pathogen. This memory ensures that if the germ enters the body again, the immune system can respond more quickly and effectively. The protection gained from this process is referred to as immunity. Immunization is the broader process of becoming protected against a disease, and vaccination is one of the primary methods to achieve immunization, ensuring that individuals can develop immunity safely without suffering from the actual illness. The importance of vaccines extends beyond individual protection. Vaccines prevent serious diseases more safely than acquiring immunity through natural infection, and in some cases, vaccination can produce a stronger or more reliable immune response than surviving the disease itself. Additionally, vaccines contribute to community health through what is called community immunity, or herd immunity. This concept is based on the idea that when a significant portion of a population is immunized, the spread of contagious diseases is reduced, protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines, such as individuals with weakened immune systems, people with specific allergies, or newborn babies who are too young for certain immunizations. By limiting disease transmission, community immunity helps prevent outbreaks and safeguards vulnerable populations. Vaccines are rigorously tested for safety before they are approved for use. Regulatory agencies in the United States, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), require extensive evaluation to ensure that vaccines are both safe and effective. In addition to safety, it is important to follow recommended vaccine schedules. These schedules, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), indicate which vaccines are recommended for different age groups, the number of doses required, and the optimal timing for administration. Adhering to the recommended schedule allows individuals, both children and adults, to receive protection at the most appropriate times, ensuring that immunity develops when it is most needed. In summary, vaccines are essential tools in modern medicine, offering protection against a wide range of infectious diseases. They work by teaching the immune system to recognize harmful germs and respond quickly to prevent illness. By following recommended vaccination schedules, individuals not only protect themselves but also contribute to the health and safety of their communities. With decades of rigorous safety testing and scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, vaccines remain a cornerstone of public health, reducing disease burden and preventing potential outbreaks worldwide.
In paragraph 3, the phrase “this memory” refers to:
- A Initial immune response
- B Vaccine genetic material
- C Pathogen recognition
- D Standard immunization schedule
思路引導 VIP
請回頭閱讀「this memory」出現的前一個句子：當免疫系統第一次擊退侵略者後，它具體「留下了什麼」？這個留下來的東西，是為了讓身體在下次見面時，能夠第一時間對該侵略者的『身分』做出什麼動作？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了！你能準確鎖定代名詞在文中的指涉對象，這顯示你的閱讀理解非常細膩，沒有被鄰近的專業術語干擾。
代名詞的指涉邏輯
在文章第三段中，作者提到免疫系統在初次接觸病原體後，會「保留對該病原體的記憶」（retains a memory of the pathogen）。緊接著下一句提到的「這份記憶」（this memory），在語法上直接指向前句所建立的受詞。從功能面來看，這份記憶能讓身體在未來再次遇到相同病原體時，迅速「辨識」出對方並啟動防禦，因此選項 (C) 的 Pathogen recognition（病原體辨識） 完美地概括了這種生物學上的記憶特質。
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