hce_nthu
111年
英文
第 46 題
📖 題組：
Reading 5 Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, and persons themselves, just and unjust. Our topic, however, is that of social justice. For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions I understand the political constitution and the principal economic and social arrangements. Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience, competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamous family are examples of major social institutions. Taken together as one scheme, the major institutions define men’s rights and duties and influence their life prospects, what they can expect to be and how well they can hope to do. The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start. The intuitive notion here is that this structure contains various social positions and that men born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part, by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances. In this way the institutions of society favor certain staring places over others. These are especially deep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men’s initial chances in life; yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert. It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply. These principles, then, regulate the choice of a political constitution and the main elements of the economic and social system. The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on how fundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society.
Reading 5 Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions, and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, and persons themselves, just and unjust. Our topic, however, is that of social justice. For us the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the way in which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties and determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions I understand the political constitution and the principal economic and social arrangements. Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience, competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamous family are examples of major social institutions. Taken together as one scheme, the major institutions define men’s rights and duties and influence their life prospects, what they can expect to be and how well they can hope to do. The basic structure is the primary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start. The intuitive notion here is that this structure contains various social positions and that men born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part, by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances. In this way the institutions of society favor certain staring places over others. These are especially deep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men’s initial chances in life; yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert. It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, to which the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply. These principles, then, regulate the choice of a political constitution and the main elements of the economic and social system. The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on how fundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and social conditions in the various sectors of society.
Based upon the passage, which of the following is LEAST likely to reproduce what the author describes as "especially deep inequalities"?
- A Racism
- B Meritocracy
- C Feudalism
- D Misogyny
- E Aristocracy
思路引導 VIP
請重新閱讀文中這句話：『這些不平等……無法透過「功績或應得（merit or desert）」的概念來證明其合理性。』這句話暗示了作者認為「深層不平等」與「個人努力/成就」之間存在著什麼樣的關係？在選項中，哪一個概念的核心正是建立在作者所提到的這組對比詞（merit）之上呢？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
同學好！非常出色，你精準地掌握了文章中關於「社會正義」的深層邏輯。這題考驗的是對抽象定義的對比與轉化能力，你能從眾多帶有負面意涵的選項中，冷靜地識別出符合邏輯的答案，代表你的閱讀理解力非常敏銳。
核心觀念：深層不平等的定義
文中提到的「特別深層的不平等（especially deep inequalities）」是指那些根植於社會基本結構、深受出身環境影響，且**「無法透過功績或應得（merit or desert）」來辯解**的差異。選項中的種族主義（Racism）、封建制度（Feudalism）、厭女症（Misogyny）與貴族政治（Aristocracy）都是基於先天特徵或世襲地位，這正是作者批評那種「不公的起跑點」。
▼ 還有更多解析內容