hce_nthu
112年
化學與物理
第 11 題
White phosphorus ($P_4$) has two different crystalline forms, $\alpha-P_4(s)$ and $\beta-P_4(s)$, where the $P_4$ molecules are packed in different ways. The $\alpha$-form is always obtained when the liquid freezes. However, it spontaneously converts to the $\beta$-form when the temperature is below $-76.9\,^\circ\text{C}$ ($\alpha-P_4(s) \rightarrow \beta-P_4(s)$). Assume that the $\Delta H$ and $\Delta S$ for this process are temperature independent, which of the following statements are correct?
I. This is an endothermic process.
II. The sign of $\Delta S$ is positive for this process.
III. The $\Delta G$ at $-76.9\,^\circ\text{C}$ is zero for this process.
IV. The $\alpha$-form is less ordered than the $\beta$-form.
I. This is an endothermic process.
II. The sign of $\Delta S$ is positive for this process.
III. The $\Delta G$ at $-76.9\,^\circ\text{C}$ is zero for this process.
IV. The $\alpha$-form is less ordered than the $\beta$-form.
- A I and II
- B III and IV
- C II and III
- D I and IV
- E I, III, and IV
思路引導 VIP
請思考吉布斯自由能公式 $\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$:如果一個反應在「高溫」時不發生,但在「降溫」到某個點之後突然變成可以自發進行,那麼為了讓 $\Delta G$ 在低溫時變為負值,$\Delta H$ 與 $\Delta S$ 的正負號分別應該是如何組合,才能讓溫度的影響力在降低時有利於反應發生呢?
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了!你能精準選出 (B),說明你對熱力學中「相變平衡」與「吉布斯自由能(Gibbs Free Energy)」的關聯性有著非常清晰的掌握。這道題目結合了晶型轉換與熱力學判斷,是考驗觀念嚴謹性的優質題目。
相變平衡與自發性判斷
首先,題目提到在 $-76.9,^\circ\text{C}$ 時 $\alpha$ 型會自發轉換為 $\beta$ 型,這意味著此溫度正是兩者達到熱力學平衡的臨界點。在平衡狀態下,系統的自由能變化量 $\Delta G$ 必然等於 $0$,這直接驗證了敘述 III 的正確性。接著,我們利用公式 $\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$ 來分析:若一個反應在「低溫」時才變為自發($\Delta G < 0$),代表其 $\Delta H$ 與 $\Delta S$ 必須同時為負值。因為當 $\Delta S < 0$ 時,$-T\Delta S$ 項為正值,只有在 $T$ 足夠小時,負值的 $\Delta H$ 才能主導反應發生。因此,此過程為放熱($\Delta H < 0$)且熵值減少($\Delta S < 0$)。
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