hce_nthu
112年
英文
第 39 題
📖 題組：
States have a long history. In the ancient world clearly defined political institutions exerted control over city-states. In The Peloponnesian Wars, for example, Thucydides describes the conflicts that took place between the ancient Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta. However, these types of ancient structures differ from the modern state. They were generally confined to the city and had no clearly defined territory, and lacked the highly institutionalized bureaucracies of the modern state. Indeed, the citizen-territory-state nexus of the modern state system, defined by both its internal authority vis-à-vis the population and its external authority, defined by states’ mutual recognition, is a creation of the seventeenth century and emerged within a European context. Medieval Europe was characterized by feudalism, which in its most basic form can be understood as the granting of land in return for military service. The land-owning nobility would provide land and property rights to people in exchange for allegiance and security. In this context, different monarchs or aristocrats would control different areas of land and society. Within the Holy Roman Empire, religion played an important role in maintaining these structures. Each prince or nobleman would have the right to determine the religion of his own domain, defining its own religious denomination, and often basing its alliances with other territories mainly upon commonality of this denomination. Over time, the rise of powerful monarchies with central bureaucracies gave a number of countries the characteristics of the modern state. The monarchies of England, France, the Netherlands, and Spain, for example, grew powerful enough to raise armies and to exercise internal authority through the nobility that they controlled. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg allowed the monarchies in different areas to define themselves as Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist. This laid the groundwork for the subsequent Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which is commonly regarded as heralding the birth of the modern sovereign state. The Peace of Westphalia initiated a new order in Europe based on the concept of national sovereignty. For the first time, it created clearly defined internal political boundaries within Europe and brought about the mutual recognition of different monarchies’ right to define their own religious and political choices within their territory, superseding the feudal society of the Middle Ages. Gradually, the idea of the nation-state evolved. In a European context, centralized states began to develop the bureaucratic mechanisms for identifying their populations, raising taxation, raising armies through conscription, and holding the monopoly of violence on their territories. Ideologically, nationalism began to emerge as a means to legitimate the modern nation-state. The emergence of inventions such as the flag and the printing press raised awareness of the nation-state, enabling people to develop a sense of shared identity and allegiance. With the rise of nationalism, new states were created through the process of unification that took place in states such as Germany and Italy.
States have a long history. In the ancient world clearly defined political institutions exerted control over city-states. In The Peloponnesian Wars, for example, Thucydides describes the conflicts that took place between the ancient Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta. However, these types of ancient structures differ from the modern state. They were generally confined to the city and had no clearly defined territory, and lacked the highly institutionalized bureaucracies of the modern state. Indeed, the citizen-territory-state nexus of the modern state system, defined by both its internal authority vis-à-vis the population and its external authority, defined by states’ mutual recognition, is a creation of the seventeenth century and emerged within a European context. Medieval Europe was characterized by feudalism, which in its most basic form can be understood as the granting of land in return for military service. The land-owning nobility would provide land and property rights to people in exchange for allegiance and security. In this context, different monarchs or aristocrats would control different areas of land and society. Within the Holy Roman Empire, religion played an important role in maintaining these structures. Each prince or nobleman would have the right to determine the religion of his own domain, defining its own religious denomination, and often basing its alliances with other territories mainly upon commonality of this denomination. Over time, the rise of powerful monarchies with central bureaucracies gave a number of countries the characteristics of the modern state. The monarchies of England, France, the Netherlands, and Spain, for example, grew powerful enough to raise armies and to exercise internal authority through the nobility that they controlled. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg allowed the monarchies in different areas to define themselves as Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist. This laid the groundwork for the subsequent Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which is commonly regarded as heralding the birth of the modern sovereign state. The Peace of Westphalia initiated a new order in Europe based on the concept of national sovereignty. For the first time, it created clearly defined internal political boundaries within Europe and brought about the mutual recognition of different monarchies’ right to define their own religious and political choices within their territory, superseding the feudal society of the Middle Ages. Gradually, the idea of the nation-state evolved. In a European context, centralized states began to develop the bureaucratic mechanisms for identifying their populations, raising taxation, raising armies through conscription, and holding the monopoly of violence on their territories. Ideologically, nationalism began to emerge as a means to legitimate the modern nation-state. The emergence of inventions such as the flag and the printing press raised awareness of the nation-state, enabling people to develop a sense of shared identity and allegiance. With the rise of nationalism, new states were created through the process of unification that took place in states such as Germany and Italy.
Here are three statements concerning the Ancient Greek city-states:
I. There were precise delineations of the areas of land controlled by the city-states.
II. Compared to the modern state system, the city-states possessed highly institutionalized bureaucracies.
III. The record of the conflicts between Athens and Sparta in The Peloponnesian Wars indicated that the city-states were controlled by well-established political institutions.
Based on the passage we read,
I. There were precise delineations of the areas of land controlled by the city-states.
II. Compared to the modern state system, the city-states possessed highly institutionalized bureaucracies.
III. The record of the conflicts between Athens and Sparta in The Peloponnesian Wars indicated that the city-states were controlled by well-established political institutions.
Based on the passage we read,
- A Both I and III are true
- B Both II and III are true
- C Only I is true
- D Only II is true
- E Only III is true
思路引導 VIP
請試著回到文章的第一段，找出作者在描述古希臘城邦與現代國家時，特別提到了哪些特質是現代國家才擁有、而古代城邦所「缺乏（lack）」或「不同（differ）」的地方呢？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了！你能精準捕捉到文章中關於古希臘城邦與現代國家特質的細微對比，這說明你具備非常細緻的文本閱讀與資訊篩選能力。這道題目的核心在於區分「古希臘城邦」與「現代主權國家」的不同特質，你成功地避開了文本中的干擾資訊。
古希臘城邦與現代國家的特徵辨析
這題的正確關鍵在於第一段的對比。文章明確指出，古希臘城邦雖然由明確的政治體制（clearly defined political institutions）控制，這點驗證了陳述 III 的正確性；然而，作者隨即強調古代結構與現代國家的不同：古代城邦缺乏明確定義的領土（had no clearly defined territory），且不具備高度制度化的官僚體系（lacked the highly institutionalized bureaucracies）。因此，陳述 I 提到的「精確領土劃分」與陳述 II 的「制度化官僚」其實都是現代國家的特徵，不適用於古希臘。
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