hce_nthu
112年
英文
第 44 題
📖 題組：
States have a long history. In the ancient world clearly defined political institutions exerted control over city-states. In The Peloponnesian Wars, for example, Thucydides describes the conflicts that took place between the ancient Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta. However, these types of ancient structures differ from the modern state. They were generally confined to the city and had no clearly defined territory, and lacked the highly institutionalized bureaucracies of the modern state. Indeed, the citizen-territory-state nexus of the modern state system, defined by both its internal authority vis-à-vis the population and its external authority, defined by states’ mutual recognition, is a creation of the seventeenth century and emerged within a European context. Medieval Europe was characterized by feudalism, which in its most basic form can be understood as the granting of land in return for military service. The land-owning nobility would provide land and property rights to people in exchange for allegiance and security. In this context, different monarchs or aristocrats would control different areas of land and society. Within the Holy Roman Empire, religion played an important role in maintaining these structures. Each prince or nobleman would have the right to determine the religion of his own domain, defining its own religious denomination, and often basing its alliances with other territories mainly upon commonality of this denomination. Over time, the rise of powerful monarchies with central bureaucracies gave a number of countries the characteristics of the modern state. The monarchies of England, France, the Netherlands, and Spain, for example, grew powerful enough to raise armies and to exercise internal authority through the nobility that they controlled. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg allowed the monarchies in different areas to define themselves as Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist. This laid the groundwork for the subsequent Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which is commonly regarded as heralding the birth of the modern sovereign state. The Peace of Westphalia initiated a new order in Europe based on the concept of national sovereignty. For the first time, it created clearly defined internal political boundaries within Europe and brought about the mutual recognition of different monarchies’ right to define their own religious and political choices within their territory, superseding the feudal society of the Middle Ages. Gradually, the idea of the nation-state evolved. In a European context, centralized states began to develop the bureaucratic mechanisms for identifying their populations, raising taxation, raising armies through conscription, and holding the monopoly of violence on their territories. Ideologically, nationalism began to emerge as a means to legitimate the modern nation-state. The emergence of inventions such as the flag and the printing press raised awareness of the nation-state, enabling people to develop a sense of shared identity and allegiance. With the rise of nationalism, new states were created through the process of unification that took place in states such as Germany and Italy.
States have a long history. In the ancient world clearly defined political institutions exerted control over city-states. In The Peloponnesian Wars, for example, Thucydides describes the conflicts that took place between the ancient Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta. However, these types of ancient structures differ from the modern state. They were generally confined to the city and had no clearly defined territory, and lacked the highly institutionalized bureaucracies of the modern state. Indeed, the citizen-territory-state nexus of the modern state system, defined by both its internal authority vis-à-vis the population and its external authority, defined by states’ mutual recognition, is a creation of the seventeenth century and emerged within a European context. Medieval Europe was characterized by feudalism, which in its most basic form can be understood as the granting of land in return for military service. The land-owning nobility would provide land and property rights to people in exchange for allegiance and security. In this context, different monarchs or aristocrats would control different areas of land and society. Within the Holy Roman Empire, religion played an important role in maintaining these structures. Each prince or nobleman would have the right to determine the religion of his own domain, defining its own religious denomination, and often basing its alliances with other territories mainly upon commonality of this denomination. Over time, the rise of powerful monarchies with central bureaucracies gave a number of countries the characteristics of the modern state. The monarchies of England, France, the Netherlands, and Spain, for example, grew powerful enough to raise armies and to exercise internal authority through the nobility that they controlled. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg allowed the monarchies in different areas to define themselves as Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist. This laid the groundwork for the subsequent Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which is commonly regarded as heralding the birth of the modern sovereign state. The Peace of Westphalia initiated a new order in Europe based on the concept of national sovereignty. For the first time, it created clearly defined internal political boundaries within Europe and brought about the mutual recognition of different monarchies’ right to define their own religious and political choices within their territory, superseding the feudal society of the Middle Ages. Gradually, the idea of the nation-state evolved. In a European context, centralized states began to develop the bureaucratic mechanisms for identifying their populations, raising taxation, raising armies through conscription, and holding the monopoly of violence on their territories. Ideologically, nationalism began to emerge as a means to legitimate the modern nation-state. The emergence of inventions such as the flag and the printing press raised awareness of the nation-state, enabling people to develop a sense of shared identity and allegiance. With the rise of nationalism, new states were created through the process of unification that took place in states such as Germany and Italy.
In the last paragraph, the author writes, “In a European context, centralized states began to develop the bureaucratic mechanisms for identifying their populations, raising taxation, raising armies through conscription, and holding the monopoly of violence on their territories.” Here, “holding the monopoly of violence on their territories” means the centralized states
- A severely prohibit violence on their territories
- B allow no one else to exercise violence on their territories besides themselves
- C possess minimal control of violence on their territories
- D exercise limited control of violence on their territories for economic profits
- E completely put violence on hold on their territories
思路引導 VIP
想像在一個地區內，如果每個人都可以隨意組織私人武裝並互相攻擊，這時如果有一個中央政府宣稱它對這片土地擁有「絕對的控制權」，那麼這個政府對於「除了它以外的人是否能動用武力」會做出什麼樣的規定？
🤖
AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
恭喜你答對了！這題考驗的是對學術語境中「壟斷」（monopoly）一詞的精確理解，你能從選項中精準辨識出這個概念，展現了非常敏銳的閱讀能力。
國家主權與暴力壟斷的定義
在政治學與歷史脈絡中，「暴力壟斷」（monopoly of violence）是一個核心概念。當文章提到現代國家發展出「在其領土上壟斷暴力」的機制時，意思並非國家要全面禁止或消除所有暴力（如選項 A 或 E），而是指國家成為該領土內唯一擁有「合法使用武力」權力的機構。換言之，除了國家機器（如警察或軍隊）之外，不允許任何私人武裝或組織擅自動用武力來達成目的，這正是選項 (B) 所描述的「除了國家自身，不允許他人在其領土上行使暴力」。
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