hce_nchu
115年
英文
第 46 題
📖 題組：
Read the following passages and answer questions 46 to 50. Vaccines (Question 46-50) Vaccines are biological preparations that help your body’s immune system recognize and defend itself against harmful germs. They can be administered in various forms, including injections, liquids, pills, or nasal sprays. Vaccines protect against illnesses caused by viruses, such as influenza and COVID-19, as well as bacterial infections like tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. The main purpose of vaccination is to stimulate the immune system in a controlled way, so that it can respond effectively if the body encounters the actual disease in the future. There are several types of vaccines, each working through different mechanisms to generate immunity. Live-attenuated vaccines contain a weakened form of the germ that cannot cause severe illness but still prompts an immune response. Inactivated vaccines use germs that have been killed, making them safe while still teaching the immune system to recognize the pathogen. Other vaccines, such as subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines, contain only specific components of the germ, such as proteins, sugars, or the outer casing. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by certain bacteria to trigger immunity, while more recent innovations, including mRNA vaccines, deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, prompting an immune response. Viral vector vaccines also employ genetic material from a germ, but this material is delivered using a harmless virus that facilitates entry into cells. Despite the differences in design, all vaccines function by eliciting an immune response that allows the body to recognize and fight off harmful substances, known as antigens. When the body encounters a germ, it identifies the invader as foreign and activates the immune system to combat it. The immune system not only neutralizes the germ during the initial encounter but also retains a memory of the pathogen. This memory ensures that if the germ enters the body again, the immune system can respond more quickly and effectively. The protection gained from this process is referred to as immunity. Immunization is the broader process of becoming protected against a disease, and vaccination is one of the primary methods to achieve immunization, ensuring that individuals can develop immunity safely without suffering from the actual illness. The importance of vaccines extends beyond individual protection. Vaccines prevent serious diseases more safely than acquiring immunity through natural infection, and in some cases, vaccination can produce a stronger or more reliable immune response than surviving the disease itself. Additionally, vaccines contribute to community health through what is called community immunity, or herd immunity. This concept is based on the idea that when a significant portion of a population is immunized, the spread of contagious diseases is reduced, protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines, such as individuals with weakened immune systems, people with specific allergies, or newborn babies who are too young for certain immunizations. By limiting disease transmission, community immunity helps prevent outbreaks and safeguards vulnerable populations. Vaccines are rigorously tested for safety before they are approved for use. Regulatory agencies in the United States, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), require extensive evaluation to ensure that vaccines are both safe and effective. In addition to safety, it is important to follow recommended vaccine schedules. These schedules, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), indicate which vaccines are recommended for different age groups, the number of doses required, and the optimal timing for administration. Adhering to the recommended schedule allows individuals, both children and adults, to receive protection at the most appropriate times, ensuring that immunity develops when it is most needed. In summary, vaccines are essential tools in modern medicine, offering protection against a wide range of infectious diseases. They work by teaching the immune system to recognize harmful germs and respond quickly to prevent illness. By following recommended vaccination schedules, individuals not only protect themselves but also contribute to the health and safety of their communities. With decades of rigorous safety testing and scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, vaccines remain a cornerstone of public health, reducing disease burden and preventing potential outbreaks worldwide.
Read the following passages and answer questions 46 to 50. Vaccines (Question 46-50) Vaccines are biological preparations that help your body’s immune system recognize and defend itself against harmful germs. They can be administered in various forms, including injections, liquids, pills, or nasal sprays. Vaccines protect against illnesses caused by viruses, such as influenza and COVID-19, as well as bacterial infections like tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. The main purpose of vaccination is to stimulate the immune system in a controlled way, so that it can respond effectively if the body encounters the actual disease in the future. There are several types of vaccines, each working through different mechanisms to generate immunity. Live-attenuated vaccines contain a weakened form of the germ that cannot cause severe illness but still prompts an immune response. Inactivated vaccines use germs that have been killed, making them safe while still teaching the immune system to recognize the pathogen. Other vaccines, such as subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines, contain only specific components of the germ, such as proteins, sugars, or the outer casing. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins produced by certain bacteria to trigger immunity, while more recent innovations, including mRNA vaccines, deliver genetic instructions to the body’s cells to produce a harmless piece of the pathogen, prompting an immune response. Viral vector vaccines also employ genetic material from a germ, but this material is delivered using a harmless virus that facilitates entry into cells. Despite the differences in design, all vaccines function by eliciting an immune response that allows the body to recognize and fight off harmful substances, known as antigens. When the body encounters a germ, it identifies the invader as foreign and activates the immune system to combat it. The immune system not only neutralizes the germ during the initial encounter but also retains a memory of the pathogen. This memory ensures that if the germ enters the body again, the immune system can respond more quickly and effectively. The protection gained from this process is referred to as immunity. Immunization is the broader process of becoming protected against a disease, and vaccination is one of the primary methods to achieve immunization, ensuring that individuals can develop immunity safely without suffering from the actual illness. The importance of vaccines extends beyond individual protection. Vaccines prevent serious diseases more safely than acquiring immunity through natural infection, and in some cases, vaccination can produce a stronger or more reliable immune response than surviving the disease itself. Additionally, vaccines contribute to community health through what is called community immunity, or herd immunity. This concept is based on the idea that when a significant portion of a population is immunized, the spread of contagious diseases is reduced, protecting those who are unable to receive vaccines, such as individuals with weakened immune systems, people with specific allergies, or newborn babies who are too young for certain immunizations. By limiting disease transmission, community immunity helps prevent outbreaks and safeguards vulnerable populations. Vaccines are rigorously tested for safety before they are approved for use. Regulatory agencies in the United States, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), require extensive evaluation to ensure that vaccines are both safe and effective. In addition to safety, it is important to follow recommended vaccine schedules. These schedules, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), indicate which vaccines are recommended for different age groups, the number of doses required, and the optimal timing for administration. Adhering to the recommended schedule allows individuals, both children and adults, to receive protection at the most appropriate times, ensuring that immunity develops when it is most needed. In summary, vaccines are essential tools in modern medicine, offering protection against a wide range of infectious diseases. They work by teaching the immune system to recognize harmful germs and respond quickly to prevent illness. By following recommended vaccination schedules, individuals not only protect themselves but also contribute to the health and safety of their communities. With decades of rigorous safety testing and scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness, vaccines remain a cornerstone of public health, reducing disease burden and preventing potential outbreaks worldwide.
What is the main purpose of the passage?
- A To compare traditional vaccines with experimental treatments.
- B To explain how vaccines work and their role in public health.
- C To describe the history of vaccine development in the United States.
- D To argue against natural immunity through infection.
思路引導 VIP
請試著回顧每一段的開頭：有的在討論生物原理，有的在討論種類，有的則在討論社會群體的保護。如果你要用一句話向朋友介紹這整篇文章，這句話必須同時涵蓋「它對個人身體做了什麼」以及「它對整個社會有什麼意義」，你會如何組合這兩個層次？
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了！你能精準抓出這篇長文的核心主旨，代表你具備優異的資訊整合能力。這題屬於典型的「主旨大意題」，要求讀者不被繁雜的細節困擾，而是看清文章整體的論述結構。
全文層次的宏觀架構
這篇文章的佈局非常完整：從第一、二段定義疫苗及其運作機制與分類，到第三、四段轉向群體免疫與公共衛生的重要性，最後以安全規範作結。選項 (B) 精確地概括了這兩大主軸。相較之下，選項 (A) 的「比較傳統與實驗性療法」僅是局部，而 (C) 的「美國疫苗發展史」與 (D) 的「反對自然免疫」都偏離了文章以教育與說明為主的基調。
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