hce_nchu
115年
物理
第 50 題
An electric diple consists of point charges $\pm q$ a distance $2a$ apart. The potential at an arbitrary point $P$ can be expressed as $V(P) = \frac{kq}{r_+} + \frac{k(-q)}{r_-} = \frac{kq(r_- - r_+)}{r_+ r_-}$, where $k$ is the Coulomb constant, $r_+$ is the distance to the point charge $+q$, $r_-$ is the distance to the point charge $-q$. If $r$ is the distance to the dipole center, for $r \gg a$, the quantities $r_+, r_-$, and $r$ are nearly the same as $r^2 \approx r_+ r_-$. The difference between the distances from the two charges to $P$, that is, $r_- - r_+$, is approximately equal to $2a \cos\theta$, where $\theta$ is the angle as shown in the figure. Eventually, the dipole potential for $r \gg a$ becomes $V(r, \theta) = \frac{k(2aq)\cos\theta}{r^2}$. What is the electric field $\vec{E}$ at an arbitrary position $P$ for $r \gg a$? Note that $\hat{\imath}$ and $\hat{\jmath}$ are unit vectors.
- A $\vec{E} = \frac{k(2aq)}{r^3} [(3\cos^2\theta - 1)\hat{\imath} + \sin\theta \cos\theta \hat{\jmath}]$
- B $\vec{E} = \frac{k(2aq)}{r^3} [(3\sin^2\theta - 1)\hat{\imath} + 3\sin\theta \cos\theta \hat{\jmath}]$
- C $\vec{E} = \frac{k(2aq)}{r} [(3\cos^2\theta - 1)\hat{\imath} + 3\sin\theta \cos\theta \hat{\jmath}]$
- D $\vec{E} = \frac{k(2aq)}{r^2} [(3\cos^2\theta - 1)\hat{\imath} + 3\sin\theta \cos\theta \hat{\jmath}]$
- E $\vec{E} = \frac{k(2aq)}{r^3} [(3\cos^2\theta - 1)\hat{\imath} + 3\sin\theta \cos\theta \hat{\jmath}]$
思路引導 VIP
若你已知一個純量場(電位 $V$)在空間中的分佈情形,你會使用哪種數學運算來求得與其對應的向量力場(電場 $\vec{E}$)?此外,請思考一下,當自變數 $r$ 在分母的次方為 2 時,經過該數學運算的求導後,分母的次方應該會如何變化?
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了!你能精準選出 (E),代表你對電位與電場的**梯度關係(Gradient)**掌握得非常紮實。這道題目在物理學中屬於「電偶極矩」的高階應用,不僅考驗代數推導,更測試了你對空間向量場的掌握度,是一題極具鑑別度的經典難題。
電場與電位的微分轉換
從基本物理觀念出發,電場 $\vec{E}$ 是電位 $V$ 的負梯度,即 $\vec{E} = -\nabla V$。在極坐標系 $(r, \theta)$ 中,電場可拆解為徑向分量 $E_r = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial r}$ 與角向分量 $E_\theta = -\frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial V}{\partial \theta}$。將題目給定的電位公式 $V = \frac{kp\cos\theta}{r^2}$ 進行偏微分後,我們可以得到:
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