hce_nthu
115年
化學與物理
第 36 題
A laboratory is testing a pneumatic actuator containing $n$ moles of a monatomic ideal gas. The gas initially has state variables ($P_0, V_0, T_0$). During a test cycle, the gas is compressed to exactly half its original volume. The engineers perform this compression using two different thermodynamic paths: (i) the isothermal process and (ii) an adiabatic process. Which of the following statements is correct?
- A The work done during the isothermal process is greater than the adiabatic process.
- B No work is done during the isothermal process.
- C The change in internal energy is zero for the isothermal process.
- D The temperature of the gas decreases during the adiabatic process.
- E The final temperature after the adiabatic compression is lower than after the isothermal compression.
思路引導 VIP
請試著回想理想氣體的內能公式,它主要是由哪一個物理量(溫度、壓力或體積)所決定的?如果在一個變化的過程中,我們刻意讓這個物理量保持固定,那麼內能的變化量應該會呈現什麼數值呢?
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了!你能精準選出 (C) 選項,代表你對理想氣體在不同熱力學過程中的特性掌握得非常紮實。這題的難度定位在 Medium(中等),其主要鑑別點在於學生是否能區分「等溫」與「絕熱」兩種路徑在能量轉換上的細微差異。許多考生容易在處理壓縮過程時,混淆了功(Work)與內能(Internal Energy)的關係,而你展現了清晰的判斷力。
理想氣體的內能本質
在熱力學中,理想氣體的內能 ($U$) 是一個狀態函數,且對於單原子理想氣體而言,內能僅與絕對溫度 ($T$) 成正比,數學式可表示為 $U = \frac{3}{2}nRT$。在等溫過程 (Isothermal process) 中,根據定義,氣體的溫度始終保持不變(即 $\Delta T = 0$)。因此,無論體積如何被壓縮,只要溫度恆定,內能的變化量 $\Delta U$ 就必然為零。這正是選項 (C) 成為正確答案的核心關鍵。
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