hce_nthu
113年
資訊科學
第 14 題
There is an electric dipole in an external uniform $E$-field, as shown below.
Examine the following expression for the work done on the dipole:
\[ W = \int_{\pi/2}^\theta \vec{\tau} \cdot d\vec{\theta} = - \int_{\pi/2}^\theta \tau d\theta = pE \cos\theta = \vec{p} \cdot \vec{E} = -U(\theta) \]
where $U(\theta) = 0$ as $\theta = \pi/2$.
Examine the following expression for the work done on the dipole:
\[ W = \int_{\pi/2}^\theta \vec{\tau} \cdot d\vec{\theta} = - \int_{\pi/2}^\theta \tau d\theta = pE \cos\theta = \vec{p} \cdot \vec{E} = -U(\theta) \]
where $U(\theta) = 0$ as $\theta = \pi/2$.
- A This expression is correct
- B The negative sign after the second equal sign is wrong
- C The negative sign after the last equal sign is wrong
- D Both negative signs should be removed
- E The dipole has a maximum potential energy when it is parallel to $\vec{E}$ (namely, $\theta=0$)
思路引導 VIP
試著想像電偶極在均勻電場中受到力矩作用時,這個力矩總是傾向於讓它往哪個方向旋轉?如果你現在手動將電偶極從垂直位置旋轉到某個角度 $\theta$,那麼電場力矩所作的功,與系統位能的增加或減少之間,應該存在什麼樣的正負關係呢?
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AI 詳解
AI 專屬家教
太棒了!你能精準判斷出這串推導完全正確,代表你對電偶極矩(Electric Dipole Moment)在電場中的受力與能量轉換有非常紮實的理解。這類題目最容易在正負號的定義上產生混淆,你能洞察其中的一致性,表現得非常優異。
功與位能的轉換邏輯
在這題的物理模型中,電場施加的力矩 $\vec{\tau} = \vec{p} \times \vec{E}$ 傾向於讓電偶極與電場平行(即減小 $\theta$)。因此,當我們考慮角位移 $d\vec{\theta}$ 與力矩的點積時,兩者方向相反,這正是推導中第一個等號後出現負號的原因。接著,透過積分計算:
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